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ASSOCIATION OF CANADIAN MAP LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES BULLETIN ASSOCIATION DES CARTOTHÈQUES ET ARCHIVES CARTOGRAPHIQUES DU CANADA NUMBER 150/ SPRING/SUMMER 2015 NUMÉRO 150 / PRINTEMPS/ÉTÉ/ 2015ASSOCIATION OF CANADIAN MAP LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES / ASSOCIATION DES CARTOTHÈQUES ET ARCHIVES CARTOGRAPHIQUES DU CANADA MEMBERSHIP in the Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives is open to both individuals and institutions having an interest in maps and the aims and objectives of the Association. Membership dues are for the calendar year and are as follows: Full (Canadian map field)... $45.00 Associate (anyone interested)... $45.00 ($35 US) Institutional... $65.00 ($50 US) Student... $20.00 Members receive the ACMLA Bulletin, the official journal of the Association, which is published three times a year. Officers of the Association for 2015/2016 are: Peuvent devenir MEMBRES de l’Association des cartothèques et archives cartographiques du Canada tout individu et toute institutions qui s’intéressent aux cartes ainsi qu’aux objectifs de l’Association. La cotisation annuelle est la suivante: Membres actifs(cartothécaires canadiens à plein temps)... 45$ Membres associés (tout les intéressées)... 45,00$ Institutions... 65,00$ Étudiant... 20,00$ Le Bulletin de l’ACACC sera envoye aux membres trois fois par annee. Les MEMBRES DU BUREAU de l’Association pour l’anne 2015/2016 sont: Views expressed in the Bulletin are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Association. The Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives gratefully acknowledges the financial support given by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Les opinions exprimées dans le Bullein sont celles des collaborateurs et ne correspondent pas nécessairement à celles de l’Association. L’Association des cartothèques et archives cartographiques du Canada remercie le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada pour son apport financier. 1st Vice President / 1er Vice-Président Deena Yanofsky, Liaison Librarian Humanities & Social Sciences Library McGill University, Montréal, Québec vice.president1@acmla.org Past President / Président sortant Rosa Orlandini Librarian and Head of Map Library 102 Scott Library York University, Toronto, ON rorlan@yorku.ca Treasurer / Trésorier Rebecca Bartlett GIS and Digital Resources Librarian MADGIC, Carleton University Library Carleton University, Ottawa, ON treasurer@acmla-acacc.ca Secretary / Secrétaire Marilyn Andrews Spatial and Numeric Data Services University of Regina Library University of Regina, Regina, SK secretary@acmla.org President / Président Siobhan Hanratty Data/GIS Librarian Government Documents, Data, and Maps UNB Libraries University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB president@acmla.org Vice President Communications and Outreach / vice-président aux Communications et Rayonnement Tracy Sallaway Data and GIS Support Specialist Maps, Data & Government Information Centre - Data & GIS Thomas J. Bata Library Trent University, Peterborough, ON tracyarmstrong@trentu.ca Vice President Professional Development / vice-président au Développement professionel Jason Brodeur Manager, Maps/Data/GIS Mills Memorial Library McMaster University, Hamilton, ON brodeujj@mcmaster.ca ACMLA MAILING ADDRESS / ACACC ADRESSE D’AFFAIRES Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives / Association des cartothèques et archives cartographiques du Canada PO Box 60095 University of Alberta Postal Outlet Edmonton AB T6G 2S4 http://www.acmla.org ACMLA Bulletin index available at http://toby.library.ubc.ca/resources/infopage.cfm?id=187Bulletin Staff / Collaborateurs Editor: Eva Dodsworth Geospatial Data Services Librarian University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 tel: (519) 888-4567 x 36931 email: edodsworth@uwaterloo.ca New Books and Atlases Editor: Vacant New Maps Editor: Cheryl Woods Map & Data Centre Western University London, Ontario N6A 5C2 tel: (519) 661-3424 email: cawoods@uwo.ca Reviews Editor: Sarah Simpkin GIS and Geography Librarian University of Ottawa 309E, Bibliothèque Morisset Library sarah.simpkin@uottawa.ca Regional News Editor: Tomasz Mrozewski Data, GIS and Government Documents Librarian / Bibliothécaire pour les données, les services géospatials et les documents gouvernementaux Bibliothèque J.N. Desmarais Library 935 Ramsey Lake Road Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6 tmrozewski@laurentian.ca Geospatial Data and Software Reviews Editor: Andrew Nicholson GIS/Data Librarian University of Toronto at Mississauga 3359 Mississauga Rd. North Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6 email: anichols@utm.utoronto.ca GIS Trends Editor: Vacant BULLETIN DE L’ACACC NUMÉRO 150 PRINTEMPS/ÉTÉ 2015 ACMLA BULLETIN NUMBER 150 SPRING/SUMMER 2015 ON THE COVER... Chat of Hillsborough Bay, and the Harbour of Charlotte Town...George Wright, 1989 Reproduced at 69% of original size from an engraving in the Prince Edward Island Public Archives and Records Office ACML Facsimile Map Series No. 136 (ISBN 0827-8024 Published in 1992 by ACMLA Table of Contents PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE - Siobhan Hanratty 2 CARTO 2015 CONFERENCE REPORT, June 16-19, 2015 3 CONFERENCE PAPERS: Ontario’s Historical Topographic Map Digitization 19 Project - Beard, Brodeur, Janzen, Leahey, Simpkin Prescription Conservation: A preventative and post 23 remedy for users of maps - Kyla Ubbink ACMLA ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, June 18, 2015 31 STUDENT PAPER AWARD WINNER Capitalist Cartography: Road Mapping in Interwar 37 Canada - Jeff Allen REVIEWS 46 Atlas of Cities - Jordan Hale Great Maps - Andrew Nicholson Maps and Memes: Redrawing Culture, Place, and Identity in Indigenous Communities - Francine Berish GEOSPATIAL DATA AND SOFTWARE REVIEWS 50 Region of Peel Open Data - Andrew Nicholson REGIONAL NEWS - Tomasz Mrozewski 52 NEW MAPS - Cheryl Woods 54 ACMLA 2015 NEW MEMBERSHIP LIST 56ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 2 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE As the Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives enters its fiftieth year our objectives haven’t changed, but we have a new executive structure in place and some exciting prospects ahead of us. Our goals include growing our membership as well as the mentoring program; actively supporting professional development among our new and long-standing members; and revitalizing and reimagining the ways we communication with each other and with those outside the Association. Picking up on some of the dynamic conversations we had at the AGM in June, we encourage more discussion on the ACMLA-ACACC-L mailing list about all areas of interest, ranging from Association business, such as conference planning and the Bulletin, to ways members can participate in on-going projects such as the Barbara Petchenik Children’s Map Competition or the International May Year “Map of the Month.” We also have new initiatives in store for the up-coming year and years. Our new mandate calls for regional input to the executive, so we’ll be seeking volunteer to be regional representatives. You can also expect to see solicitations for ideas and feedback regarding professional development and communications strategies to help strengthen our organization. Thank You Notes Carto 2015 As has been said more than once, the Carto planning committees did a great job again this year. Thanks to everyone who participated, but in particular to Sarah Simpkin (University of Ottawa) and Rebecca Bartlett (Carleton University), who put together great proposals and implemented them with seeming unflappability. Executive Board – Outgoing and Incoming Courtney Lundrigan and Dan Duda are leaving the ACMLA Executive Board and I would like to take the opportunity to thank them for years of service (years and years in Dan’s case). We have benefitted tremendously from their participation and wish them the best in their freedom from official ACMLA duties. Thanks to our incoming Board members as well. We welcome Jay Brodeur as the new Vice President Professional Development, Tracy Sallaway as the new Vice President Communications & Outreach, and Marilyn Andrews as the new Secretary. We appreciate your willingness to serve and hope you enjoy yourselves. Thanks, as well, to those members who remain on the Executive in a returning or new capacity. Rebecca Bartlett has served as Treasurer for the past year and will remain in this role for two more years. Deena Yanofsky was the ACMLA Treasurer for three years before becoming our 2nd Vice President, and is now our new Vice President/President-Elect. Making the transition from President to Past President this year is Rosa Orlandini, who joined the Executive in 2011 as 1st Vice President and later President (2013). I would like to say a special thank you to Rosa, who has not only been a passionate advocate for the Association but who has acted as a mentor for me since I became 1st Vice President. Finally, as the new President I look forward to working with Deena, Rosa, and the rest of the Executive to strengthen our internal relationships and represent our interests outside our organization. - Siobhan Hanratty Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 3 CARTO 2015 https://carto2015.library.carleton.ca/ 49th Annual Conference of the Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives (ACMLA) June 16-19, 2015 Ottawa, Ontario Discovering and using Cartographic Resources: A user-centred focus In a constantly changing information landscape, the users we serve, and their needs, are evolving at a rapid pace. Innovations in technologies and services have allowed us to reach more users than ever before. Conference organized by the University of Ottawa and Carleton University Program Committee Members: • Siobhan Hanratty (chair) - uOttawa • Rebecca Bartlett - Carleton University • Courtney Lundrigan - University of Toronto • Joël Rivard - Carleton University • Sherri Sunstrum - Carleton University Local Arrangement Committee members: • Sarah Simpkin (chair) – uOttawa • Rebecca Bartlett - Carleton University • Carys Carrington - Carleton University • Siobhan Hanratty - University of New Brunswick • Pierre Leblanc – uOttawa • Joël Rivard - Carleton University ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 4 June 16th - June 19th, 2015 Tuesday June 16th : Pre-Conference Workshops INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL MAPPER Rebecca Bartlett, Carleton University Joël Rivard, Carleton University Summarized by Meg Miller Global Mapper is a GIS application initially developed by USGS in the early 90s and now owned by Blue Marble Geographics. It is currently on its 16th iteration, and has added many modules to its core program since its inception. The software was introduced as “an affordable and easy-to-use GIS application that provides just the right level of functionality to satisfy both experienced GIS professionals and beginner users.” CARTO 2015 CONFERENCE REPORT Figure 1: Global Mapper v16.2 landing screen with quick menu Upon opening the program you are presented with the quick menu, which gives you different options on how to go about starting your project. Adding data to your map is as simple as File> Open Data File(s) and then selecting the files from your computer you are interested in. Global Mapper supports 250+ data formats (raster, vector, 3D, elevation and spatial databases). Two huge advantages here are that you can add data that is in a zipped folder without unzipping, and that when you are adding DEM data like a float or ascii file it is the same simple process, there is no need to use a toolbox to convert it before it will be visible on the map. Interacting with the individual layers is done through the ‘Overlay Control Centre’, it is fairly similar to other software packages, the user just needs to make sure the layer is selected in the list, then you can opt to view its metadata or interact with the projection, symbolization, labelling and other common elements through the options button. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 5 Analysis is the other area where Global Mapper is very strong. While the dialog boxes are very busy, tasks such as extracting contours from a grid, creating a 3D path profile, or creating a 3D view of LiDAR data is a button or single menu click away. Part of the analysis procedure is selecting the area you want to perform the analysis on (all of the dataset or just a small portion). Exporting data and georeferencing uses the same sort of multi-windowed interface, allowing the user to zoom in and interact with a portion of their dataset. Having this option integrated into the analysis dialogs greatly improved workflow efficiency. Figure 2: Left- Accessing the analysis tools. Right- Analysis windows Compared to how well Global Mapper handles analysis and importing and exporting data, it falls short when using it to quickly create a final publishable product. It does the job, but it isn’t exactly pretty. Other • Affordable (as of June 2015 $449 USD /individual seat or contact to ask about ‘flexible licensing’) • Offers full access to Global Mapper Academic Curriculum with license purchase • Supports scripting and user generated add-ons • Active user forums, and help pages • Mac or Linux users will need to use an emulator, technical support does not cover this type of installation Pros and Cons Pros: • Cheap compared to other platforms • More time efficient/ less complicated to perform analysis functions than in other software packages • Intuitive importing and exporting for a wide variety of GIS formats • Offers academic support Cons: • Interface can be confusing if you are used to other software packages • Dialog boxes are busy and could be overwhelming to a novice • Final map-layout design is not great (but is it in most GIS software?) Conclusions Global Mapper could be a very helpful piece of software for an institution to add to their GIS toolkit. It is low cost, and as was said in the workshop, is an easier way to perform certain tasks that are complicated and time consuming in other GIS packages. For a patron who does not have a GIS background, and just needs to convert some GIS data to bring over into a software they are familiar with, like AutoCAD, having this tool available would improve their workflow. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 6 GEOCODING & ONLINE MAPPING Rebecca Bartlett, Carleton University Joël Rivard, Carleton University Sarah Simpkin, uOttawa Summarized by R. Bartlet, J. Rivard, and S. Simpkin Delivered by Sarah Simpkin (uOttawa), Joël Rivard (Carleton), and Rebecca Bartlett (Carleton) at CARTO 2015 on the afternoon of June 16th, this hands-on workshop/hackfest allowed participants to collaboratively explore various geocoding and online mapping tools. Participants worked through four scenarios and were asked to take notes on the various tools that they used. The four scenarios were: 1. Geocode a spreadsheet with addresses using online mapping tools and create an online map. 2. Geocode postal code data using online mapping tools and create a Google Earth (KML) file. 3. Plot latitude & longitude data using open source/free tools to produce an online map. 4. Geocode an excel table with addresses using desktop mapping tools only, with a KML file as output. Participants made notes on a Google Drive document, http://bit.ly/carto-geocoding. Notes were made for each scenario and the following is a summary of the findings by tools and geocoding functionality. APIs An application program interface (API) is a set of programming instructions and standards for accessing web-based software application or web tool. In the mapping world, users typically choose from three different free API sources to geocode their data in large batches: • Bing Maps - https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff701713.aspx • MapQuest Open - http://open.mapquestapi.com/geocoding/ • Google Maps - https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/ Each has their pros and cons but none of them is guaranteed to be 100% correct. Use them at your own risk! Also note that if you try to geocode thousands of addresses, you will probably end up with blank results after a while because the provider will decide that you're trying to process too many addresses in a short time. If that happens, consider breaking your data into smaller batches or looking at cost-based geocoding services. Most APIs do have a limited number of geocoding requests per 24-hour period. Geocoding Datasets GeoNames.org – Download free postal code data for numerous countries. Includes only the first 3 digits of the postal codes (Forward Sortation Area or FSAs) for Canada. Download is a CSV file that includes latitude and longitude for each postal code. Geocoder.ca – Free data download that includes postal code and street address data for Canada and zip code data for the USA. Download is a CSV file that includes latitude and longitude information for each postal code/street address. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 7 Esri locator files – Available from Esri data and is available to institutions with an Esri site licence ($). Allows for the geocoding of data in ArcGIS products. DMTI Spatial Data – Available to those that have purchased the CanMap product from DMTI Spatial ($) - http://www.dmtispatial.com/canmap/ • Locator files: Available from DMTI CanMap Route Logistics product. Allows for the geocoding of data in ArcGIS products. • CanMap Postal Code Suite. Includes both point (latitude and longitude information for each postal code) as well as polygon shapefile. Online Mapping Tools BatchGeo – Batchgeo.com • Allows users to geocode up to 250 records (free version) • Can geocode a street address or a postal code • Save as an online map or a KML GPS Visualizer – http://www.gpsvisualizer.com/geocoding.html • Allows users to geocode up to 5 records for geocoding by street address. Additional records can be geocoded with the use of an API (see API section above). No limit on geocoding postal codes • Can geocode a street address or a postal code • Need specific field headers - http://www.gpsvisualizer.com/tutorials/waypoints.html#summary • Save the map as an online map or a KML Google Fusion Tables – tables.googlelabs.com • Can geocode addresses and FSAs • Address information needs to be all in one field - Upload a CSV file to Google Fusion Tables - Change the field type to location and save - Click on File > Geocode. - Once the geocoding is done, open a new tab and select map. Ensure that you are mapping the data with the proper location column Google Sheets – https://www.google.ca/sheets/about/ • Can geocode an address. - In Google Sheets, go to Tools > Script Editor - Copy the contents of the script from this page - https://vilimpoc.org/blog/2013/07/11/google-spreadsheet- geocoding-macro/ into the script editor (replace all contents) - In the script editor, go to Publish > Test as add-on. Select the sheet in which you want to use this script - If done correctly, you’ll now have a ‘Macros’ tab in the Spreadsheet menu - Highlight the location, latitude and longitude columns for all rows that you want to geocode (location should have information entered, latitude and longitude should be empty) - Run the Macro script - unless there are problems, the lat/long fields should propagate Google/Open Refine - https://code.google.com/p/google-refine/ • Can geocode addresses - Upload your CSV (with a location column) to OpenRefine - Follow these steps: https://opensas.wordpress.com/2013/06/30/using-openrefine-to-geocode-your- data-using-google-and-openstreetmap-api/ ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 8 Google My Maps - https://www.google.com/mymaps • Plot latitude and longitude coordinates • Can plot a maximum of 2000 points CartoDB - https://cartodb.com/ • Plot latitude and longitude coordinates • Works quite well and has custom styling options (ex. choropleths, heatmaps, density hexagons, etc.) • Account needed (50mb storage limit on the free account) Mapbox • Plot latitude-longitude coordinates in CSV format • Limited custom styling options • Mapbox has a beta API to convert address text into coordinates (and vice versa) but it only will do one geocode per request: https://www.mapbox.com/developers/api/geocoding/ MangoMap • Plot latitude and longitude coordinates. • Allows various labeling and styling options. • Limited export options in the free version Desktop Tools ArcGIS • Geocode street addresses and postal codes using various methods - Locator files from Esri or DMTI - http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/desktop/latest/guide-books/ geocoding/geocoding-a-table-of-addresses-in-arcmap.htm - ArcGIS online (using credits) - http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/desktop/latest/guide-books/ geocoding/working-with-arcgis-online-geocoding-service.htm - Creating your own locator file based on a route file - Create a join with pre-existing postal code data (see geocoding datasets section above) Global Mapper • Geocode street addresses and postal code - http://globalmapper.com/helpv11/Help_MenuBarAndToolBar. html#find_address • Create a join with pre-existing postal code data (see geocoding datasets section above) QGIS • Geocode street addresses - Open QGIS and in the menu, click on plug-ins > Manage and Ins tall Plug-Ins. - Make sure to check off the box next to “mmqgis” - In the menu, click on MMQGIS > Geocode. Select either option - Geocode csv with google / open streetmap - need an api key - Geocode with street layer – uses a street file that was added to QGIS - Create a join with pre-existing postal code data (see geocoding datasets section above) Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 9 Wednesday June 17th: Conference Presentations KEYNOTE: USING SPATIAL DATA TO TELL IMPORTANT STORIES David McKie With federal, provincial and municipal governments and agencies making geographic data increasingly available, journalists have access to a wealth of information that helps them tell stories. These stories tell us about where and how people live, how governments spend money, and the locations of environmental hot spots such as contaminated sites and air pollution. Unfortunately, too few journalists know how to harness this information. Fortunately, this reality is shifting. USING MAP LABS TO MAKE OUR COLLECTION MORE ACCESSIBLE Monica Ferguson, Carleton University We’ve all experienced it – you provide materials for a reference request, the client leaves and you put everything away. Shortly after, there’s a duplicate request from someone in the same class. The penny drops and you realize you can leave the materials “on display”. Just add a course sign & description and you’ve got a Map Lab! These have been one our most popular tools for keeping our paper map collection active. An easily customizable and traditional way to offer “added value” to our university community. DON’T FADE AWAY: UTILIZING WEB MAPS TO HIGHLIGHT, REVEAL AND PROMOTE MAP LIBRARIES COLLECTIONS AND RESEARCH Daniel Brendle-Moczuk, University of Victoria In 2011 the U of T Mississauga Library created a block of 2-3 minute instructional videos to assist students using GIS software, many for the first time. Today, several of these videos have had over 30,000 views, with one video clocking in over 80,000 views! PRESCRIPTION CONSERVATION: A PREVENTATIVE AND POST REMEDY FOR USERS OF MAPS Kyla Ubbink To a collection of maps, researchers and users are like getting wisdom teeth pulled - it has to happen, but there will be suffering. Damage caused by handling, display, and scanning results in tears, lost information, staining, and in general leaves maps in poor condition. Overuse of these artifacts renders them in such a state that they cannot be viewed without crumbling, much less be digitized. No one wants to deny access to their collections because the maps are ‘on sick leave’. The remedy is Conservation Treatment, but much like choosing a course of action to cure a serious malady, there are many issues to consider. Risks and success rates must be weighed against costs and the end use of the map. When it comes to treatment, the only way to make the right decision, is to be armed with knowledge. Full length paper available on page 23 ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 10 LOST AND FO(U)ND: MAP AND VISUAL LITERACY IN THE ARCHIVES Rosa Orlandini, York University Have you ever looked at a photo and wondered where it was taken? Have used an interactive map to browse historical photos, letters, newspaper articles, or pamphlets? Have you ever thought: wouldn’t it be great if we could do something like that at my institution? Or help instructors implement this in their courses? Online technologies and platforms such as Google Earth, History Pin, Neatline for Omeka, make it easy to display the geographic location of digital objects. In addition, libraries and archives with digital collection platforms such as DSpace or Islandora can enhance their metadata by including geographic coordinates of digital objects. But there is a catch…the challenge is determining the geographic location of a photo (or objects) and to do it precisely and accurately. For several years, the Map and GIS Librarian at York University has partnered with archivists at the Clara Thomas Archives and Special collections, to geo-locate several their fonds. Using examples from the Clara Thomas Archives and Special Collections, this presentation will challenge you to look for critically at digital objects (such as landscape photos) and look for clues that can be used to “geolocate” the objects. The presentation will discuss the core set of information, visual, and map literacy skills that are required to geo-locate objects; provide suggestions on types of information sources that can be used to geo-locate objects, and highlight the role and expertise of a Map/GIS/ information professionals in geo-location projects. FACILITATING INTERPRETATION: THE USER’S EXPERIENCE OF LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA’S EARLY CARTOGRAPHY COLLECTION Sara Viinalass-Smith, Library and Archives Canada Library and Archives Canada’s (LAC) early cartography collection dates back to the founding of the Archives Branch of the Department of Agriculture in 1872. It is an impressive collection, today composed of more than 60,000 maps, plans, and charts of national significance. This collection of historical cartographic records provides a comprehensive visual context for the nation’s geographic, economic, political, scientific, social and cultural development from early exploration to confederation. The question is, how can users “read” these graphic and quantitative representations of Canadian history? FROM OPEN DATA TO ONLINE EXHIBITS: MAPPING CANADA’S HISTORY WITH OMEKA Nancy Lemay, University of Ottawa Sarah Simpkin, University of Ottawa This past spring, University of Ottawa librarians partnered with a uOttawa history professor and curator from the Canadian Science and Technology Museum to explore how fourth year history students could learn how to make use of open datasets, curate cultural collections, and geocode their artifacts. Assignments in the course were focused on the creation of online exhibits using Omeka. This open source content management system allows users to build complex narratives and share rich collections, all while adhering to Dublin Core metadata standards. Catalogue records from the Museum’s collection of geographic survey markers were ingested into Omeka as a starting point for the student exhibits. In this presentation, we will discuss our process for extracting this information from the original XML file, enhancing the records with geospatial information, and working with Omeka. We will also discuss Neatline, an Omeka extension that provides support for highly interactive map-based exhibits. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 11 L’EXPÉDITION COPPERMINE DE JOHN FRANKLIN: DE L’AVENTURE CARTOGRAPHIQUE À L’AVENTURE ÉDITORIALE Joë Bouchard, Laval University Le conférencier fait une mise en contexte du développement de la collection de sources documentaires fondatrices en études nordiques à la Bibliothèque de l’Université Laval, dans laquelle les documents cartographiques occupent une place de choix, et situe l’ouvrage lié à la première expédition de John Franklin dans cet ensemble. Il relate les grands événements de l’expédition Coppermine (1819-1922) et présente les caractéristiques physiques du livre de 1823 Narrative of A Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea en s’intéressant au travail de l’éditeur John Murray. Les cartes géographiques retiennent particulièrement l’attention, non seulement pour leur contenu, mais aussi pour leur forte valeur symbolique. L’importance de la mise en valeur de ce type de documents par les bibliothécaires est mise de l’avant. Thursday June 18th: Conference Presentations LEVERAGING LOCATION FOR GREATER IMPACT AND ENGAGEMENT Paul Steeves, United Way Ottawa United Ways around the world are evolving in response to changing demographics, increased demand for social services and donors who want evidence of the impact of their investment. Using spatial analysis, compelling visuals and expansive data, United Way’s can create a tangible foundation for strategic decision making and in-turn, inform and drive collective community impact. AERIAL ORTHO-MOSAICS AT THE CITY OF OTTAWA Stephen Perkins, City of Ottawa This presentation will examine the images on the City of Ottawa’s geoOttawa web site. More specifically, it will look at how individual images are prepared for display in the geo-referenced frame. For years, the local municipality has systematically flown and captured aerial images of the Ottawa area. Additionally, since the 1920s, aerial reconnaissance has captured the landscape from above. With these images, continuous seamless geo-referenced images are created and displayed within GIS software and on-line. The creation of these images seem trivial, however, there is an art and science to the preparation and presentation of these aerial images. This will include a discussion of ortho-rectification, mosaicing, blending, seamlines and dodging. A COLLABORATION TO REPRESENT CHILD POVERTY IN WINNIPEG Cynthia Dietz, University of Manitoba To enhance the capacity of the libraries to offer tutorials and workshops in multimedia object creation, the participation of technicians, librarians and researchers across the two UM campuses and within the greater community was solicited on a pilot project on poverty. In the first collaboration undertaken, discovery of and access to data from the national Community Data Program, the City of Winnipeg, and uncatalogued UM datasets was made. Poverty was selected as the pilot’s topic since UM plans to offer an interdisciplinary ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 12 program on Human Rights, and since poverty is a current and growing problem here and across Canada. Researchers with little or no GIS experience but with a wealth of expertise on poverty joined in the collaboration. In Winnipeg, many children 17 years and younger are living in poverty or extreme poverty. By census tract, trends in child poverty, as indicated by LIM-AT, are presented between 2005 and 2012. The distribution, concentrations, and geographic clustering of child poverty are analyzed for children in general, for Aboriginal children, racialized children and children of recent immigrants. Other indicators that may co-occur with poverty are presented by neighborhood, as well. They include social and material neighbourhood deprivation, health indicators, median shelter costs and change over time, housing tenure by type, housing condition and suitability, patterns of residential tenure and migrancy, percentage of lone-parent households and median highest educational attainment. Neighborhoods where indicators are improving are discussed, as are opportunities for other neighborhoods. KEEPING AN EYE ON OUR HISTORICAL TOPOS!: A COLLABORATIVE OCUL GEO PROJECT Colleen Beard, Brock University Jay Brodeur, McMaster University Amber Leahey, Scholars Portal Sarah Simpkin, University of Ottawa In Ontario, the OCUL Geo Community has embarked on a project to digitize topographic maps of Ontario located in the collections of member libraries. As part of this project these maps will be digitized, georeferenced, described using standard metadata, and made available through online platforms such as Scholars GeoPortal. In order to do this, the Geo Community must make decisions about the appropriate digitization and georeferencing practices for these maps, which are modern (twentieth century), accurate, government-produced maps. This project has facilitated discussion around accuracy needs, tool availability, metadata, staff resources, and the trade-offs that must be made . These discussions have provided some interesting insights and ideas about the importance of georeferencing of digitized collections, to meet both research needs and library needs for web-based discovery systems. This discussion will provide an overview of current practices in Ontario libraries, and suggest potential unmet needs and opportunities for collaboration. Full length paper available on page 19 PEER REVIEW AND EVALUATION: THE FUTURE OF THE ACMLA BULLETIN Deena Yanofsky, McGill University Since the appearance of the first scientific journals more than 300 years ago, peer review has been a formal part of scientific communication. Today, the peer review system results in over 1.5 million scholarly articles published each year and is fundamental to the appropriate validation of scientific findings. Because it indicates that research has been eva luated by an independent panel of experts in the field, peer review is also an important consideration for membership in the scholarly community. Drawing inspiration from well-established peer review journals in library and information sciences, I will present selected best practices (and possible topics) for a special peer review edition of the ACMLA Bulletin, the association’s scholarly journal, which will be published in Spring/Summer 2016 in celebration of the association’s 50th anniversary. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 13 STUDENT PAPER - CAPITALIST CARTOGRAPHY: ROAD MAPPING IN INTERWAR CANADA Jeff Allen, University of Toronto Road maps do not only show people how to get from A to B; they also include capitalist messages that have the power to influence and persuade. This was especially true in Canada during the interwar period (1919-1939), which was a time of soaring private automobile ownership and road construction, and with this, an increasing use of road maps. At their surface, road maps provided motorists with useful geographic and navigational information. At closer observation, businesses and governments used road maps as devices to advance capitalism. They did this in three ways: they used maps to advertise products and ventures, they incorporated information in maps to promote auto travel, and they used strategic cartographic design to persuade travel along certain routes and to certain destinations. These practices evolved over the interwar period and by mid-century they were ubiquitous in Canadian road mapping. Full length paper available on page 37 TWINE: GAMING TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH’S DATA RESOURCE CENTRE Meg Miller, MLIS student, Western University Teresa Lewitzky, University of Guelph The Data Resource Centre (DRC) at the University of Guelph helps undergraduate and graduate students, staff and faculty of all disciplines find and make use of a wide range of data. We are able to provide our users with direct support through appointments, workshops and guest lectures but we felt that our patrons could also benefit from independent study options. Creating engaging learning objects has long been a part of our mandate. We needed to find some way to repurpose educational video modules created by team members into a more current and interactive format. The solution to our quest appeared with Twine (an open source program that allows the author to create text based ‘choose-your-own-adventure’ type modules) after a meeting on using gaming technology in education. Once created, these modules are then exported as .html files with minimal programming knowledge required for their development. The platform is very robust and allows for different media types (video, PowerPoint presentations, web-maps, and images) to be embedded directly into the modules. Because these modules are non-linear, it is possible for the user to have a more customized experience based on their needs. We are currently implementing Twine modules into the Data Resource Centre’s service model. DEVELOPING A HISTORICAL GIS PARTNERSHIP IN CANADA Colleen Beard, Brock university Larry Laliberté, University of Alberta Scholarship using Historical Geographic Information Systems (HGIS) involves labour-intensive data preparation before advanced spatial analysis or visualization of patterns can be achieved. However, once these data are “made spatial”, and an infrastructure built for their on-line dissemination, they can be used by other scholars anywhere, over and over again. There are enormous financial and scholarly benefits to sharing historical spatial data but as yet no suitable frameworks exist in Canada to permit or facilitate the re-use of these resources. This project aims to consolidate efforts to build this framework, and bring efficiency and economies of scale to these endeavours. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 14 Building on the idea first presented at Carto 2013 in Edmonton, by Marcel Fortin and Byron Moldofsky from U of Toronto, this presentation will recap noteworthy developments and outline the plans and possibilities moving forward. LEVERAGING SUPPORT THROUGH SPATIAL LITERACY INSTRUCTION Francine Berish, Queen’s University Increasing reliance on data visualization and emerging disciplines the digital humanities reflect the growing popularity of using large datasets and geographic information systems (GIS) to demonstrate outcomes. While it is increasingly common to see GIS used across disciplines by researchers, GIS and geospatial data may be less known among library staff. The Scholars GeoPortal, ArcGIS Online and other web-based mapping alternatives afford an incredible opportunity for beginner GIS users to visualize and explore spatial data, perform simple analyses, and create maps that can be easily shared without downloading software. While these technologies have been leveraged by students, the potential to educate staff and improve spatial literacy is vast. “A Very Spatial Data Session” was designed for giving library staff an introductory understanding of GIS, spatial data and to prepare staff to recognize questions as geospatial in nature. This workshop aims to describe the level and content covered in “A Very Spatial Data Session” as well as demonstrate the context in which staff sessions can be used to leverage support. Friday June 19th: Conference Presentations AN INTRODUCTION TO DATAVERSE Larry Laliberté, University of Alberta Dataverse is an open source web application to share, preserve, cite, explore and analyze research data. It facilitates making data available to others, and allows researchers, data authors, publishers, data distributors, and affiliated institutions to receive appropriate credit. The benefits of using Dataverse, include sharing data easily with other researchers that does not involve the use of email or Dropbox, providing a simplified approach to entering project-level metadata, minting DOIs for data files that can be used in publications, managing multiple versions of data files, and organizing data to submit for its long term preservation. 3D PRINTING GEOSPATIAL DATA: AN INTRODUCTION Tomasz Mrozewski, Laurentian University This paper will investigate the application of 3D printing processes to GIS data in the context of an academic library. As 3D printing becomes more accessible to a broad audience, it is now being used in conjunction with GIS data by industry, academia and amateur Makers. This paper shall focus on practices emergent in Maker discourse, much of which is easily and freely accessible online and is generally accessible to the novice user; it shall also discuss emerging applications in academia and industry. This paper will compare the processes of working from DEMs and from contour lines, and discuss implications of data scale for the printed output. It shall review software and data transformation requirements, as well as printing devices. Conscious of budgetary constraints facing libraries today, emphasis shall be given to free and/or open software and data sources, as well as tools likely to be available to academic institutions such as Esri’s ArcGIS software. The end goal of this paper is to develop a set of instructions or guidelines for creating print-ready 3D models from GIS data in the context of an academic library, drawing on the author’s own experiences. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 15 CONFERENCE PHOTOS Photos courtesy of Jon Morgan ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 16 Top photo, courtesy of Stefano Biondo; centre and bottom photos courtesy of Jon Morgan Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 17 ICE BREAKER Tuesday June 16th Photos courtesy of Jon Morgan ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 18 BANQUET Thursday June 18th Signatures Restaurant at the Cordon Bleu Photos courtesy of Jon Morgan Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 19 CONFERENCE PAPER ONTARIO’S HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHIC MAP DIGITIZATION PROJECT Colleen Beard, Brock University Jay Brodeur, McMaster University Sharon Janzen, Brock University Amber Leahey, Scholars Portal, OCUL Sarah Simpkin, University of Ottawa INTRODUCTION This conference report summarizes the Ontario Council of University Libraries (OCUL) Geo Community’s project to digitize early 20th century historical topographic maps. The presentation was made to the CARTO Conference 2015, held in June in Ottawa, Canada. The project, distributed across several Ontario university libraries, will add approximately 800 maps to our collective digital holdings, including ~615 map sheets from the 1:63,360 national topographic map series, all of which are in the public domain, and ~177 map sheets from the 1:25,000 national topographic map series, representing the subset that is currently in the public domain (a total of approximately 621 Ontario sheets exist in this series). Topographic maps at these scales are heavily used by researchers interested in examining changes over time (urban sprawl, transportation patterns, diminishing woodlots, shoreline erosion, etc.) Access to the older series is uneven across institutions, but our ability to leverage the OCUL Scholars GeoPortal platform (http://geo.scholarsportal. info) and existing equipment at our institutions will allow us to share our digitized and georeferenced maps with the public at large. Funding from OCUL ($32,000 - January 2015 to April 2017) is allowing us to cover student staffing costs and those associated with wear and tear on existing equipment. This distributed project takes advantage of online collaboration tools such as Google Sheets, which allows us to manage a master list of the known maps across institutions, as well as the current status of each item. Institutions will be able to contribute by scanning maps, adding their holdings to the inventory, providing georeferencing support, and creating metadata for the records. Overall, our goal is to create and provide access to a high quality, consistent digital collection that preserves historical topographic information and meets the needs of current and future users. It is our understanding that a national strategy for preservation of these maps is required and we hope that this will assist with continued efforts in this area. WORKFLOWS, SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS The current project workflow and its associated specifications and standards reflect efforts to achieve the aforementioned goals in a setting where groups from differing institutions will be working collaboratively on various processing steps. The project workflow (Figure 1) outlines the processes required to develop high quality digital products for end-users; these include steps to digitize, describe, georeference and transform the material, as well as those to coordinate processes and provide quality control and assurance. Given the distributed and collaborative nature of this project, it is critically important that clear standards and common processes be developed to ensure that products are consistent and of a high quality. As a part of this work, a thorough scanner comparison and georeferencing investigation was undertaken, with the aim of identifying and characterizing sources of variation and errors, and subsequently develop standards, workflows and QA procedures to mitigate such issues. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 20 In the scanner comparison test, five institutions provided a digitized version of the same map sheet (identical sheet number and year of publication; different physical copy) for observation. The submitted images were digitized using a variety of sheet-fed and overhead photography scanners, collected at resolutions varying between 300 and 600 points per inch (ppi). Results of the comparison (https://goo.gl/f7R1zu) revealed substantial colour variation between the scanned images, which were attributed to one or a combination of the following influences: a) variation in the condition of the maps; b) inherent differences in the methods’ colour output; and, c) post-scan filters that were applied by the scanning software. Additionally, considerable differences in image clarity at high zoom were apparent (https://goo.gl/laOhWF), which reflected the varying scanning resolution. In order to minimize the sources of variation in scanned images, a number of recommendations were developed: • Good quality paper maps should be selected for digitization, wherever possible; • Colour calibration and QA procedures will be standardized, using a common calibration target and well-defined processes; • Maps will be digitized at 600 ppi resolution, with 24-bit colour depth; The purpose of the georeferencing tests was to establish appropriate input requirements for georeferencing by balancing the need for accuracy with the associated time commitments and staff resources at the libraries. In this exploration, the number of ground control points (GCPs) and the transformation model type (1st, 2nd, 3rd order polynomial) were varied to understand their effect on accuracy for a number of georeferenced maps. Results showed that a second order polynomial provided considerable benefits over a first-order model, and that generally, 8 to 12 GCPs were required to maximize accuracy (https://goo.gl/Fta7ly). When Figure 1. The Project Workflow Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 21 time requirements were considered, results showed that this approach would require approximately 15 minutes of work per sheet (https://goo. gl/192ZA2) -- an acceptable commitment given the resources that are available to the project. Moving forward, it is envisioned that collaborators at different institutions will participate by downloading the high quality digitized maps from servers at Scholars GeoPortal, and then building and uploading the GCP file for each image. This approach minimizes data transfer requirements, and allows for transformations to be carried out (and re-applied, if necessary) at a single location using a “batch” process. METADATA CONSIDERATIONS As we embark on this project to digitize historical topographic paper maps held in our collections, we are providing standard metadata to describe and preserve the inherent descriptive and historical information about the paper maps, as well as describe the processes and steps taken to transform and digitize these resources for use in GIS. Describing the data so that users have a greater sense of the provenance, that is - where these data come from and how they were created, is important for our libraries. Additionally, we are especially interested in improving access to these data online, and the creation of standards-based granular metadata enables that. Today, the most common standard for the description of geospatial data is the ISO - 19115 standard for geographic information. It is heavily used by government and data producers in Canada and internationally, with the Government of Canada formally adopting the standard in 2012. The OCUL Scholars GeoPortal is a project that aims to bring together all digital data holdings into a shared portal. A shared metadata repository and metadata editor enables the description of data for the collection, using the ISO - 19115 North American Profile (NAP) metadata standard. Today, this NAP editor and metadata repository host over 2000 metadata records consisting of over 1000 shared metadata records, and over 1000 metadata records from the University of Toronto’s local Map and Data Library (MDL) collections. To facilitate the integration of metadata in various formats from data producers and other collections over time, the use of metadata crosswalks including FGDC to ISO 19115, and a local crosswalk, have been developed. Currently, the digitization project members are collecting metadata in a shared google spreadsheet and these data will be the basis for a metadata migration project. We will be developing the metadata crosswalk and determining best practises for the description of these data throughout the project lifecycle, utilizing current infrastructure and practises that have been established by the community to date. With the creation of rich, descriptive, and granular metadata we will hopefully improve access to these valuable library resources. ACCESS (…and then they were seamless – in quest of perfecting discovery!) Although various tools are being explored for the project, we presented the options for georeferencing and image analysis using ArcMap. Setting the ArcMap workspace for georeferencing was presented as being an important first step to any georeferencing project. This includes setting the datum and coordinate system to reflect the original map; selection of an accurate control; using a high quality 600 ppi raster image; and utilizing the Image Viewer to view raster and control layers in separate windows. The ideal number of control points required to georeference the historical topographic maps is dependent on the transformation that is desired. Concepts about residual error and how these relate to the different transformation types were discussed. It was suggested that at least the four known coordinates at the map corners be used. Although the spline transformation requiring 10 control points seems to be a slightly better fit to the Earth’s surface, it is difficult to justify the added effort for overall modest difference. The rectification specifications for creating a GeoTiff were also outlined. ArcMap provides several options for adjusting or enhancing the image quality. Achieving the best results concurred with ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 22 georeferencing test findings (see Standards), by applying: the cubic convolution resample type, which sharpens the image; jpg compression at 100, which reduces the image file size up to ¼ of the original but at the expense of some quality. It is recommended that reducing the file size for downloading purposes is best achieved using the resampling tool offered in the suite of ArcMap tools. As well, applying enhancements to image quality can also be achieved using the Image Analysis options within ArcMap. Creating an image display of georeferenced maps is one of the ultimate objectives in any digitization project with serial parts. The criteria to be considered in such a display is a platform; seamless display; but providing the map in its entirety (i.e. including the map collar); providing map overlay with transparency option; and image download. Two website examples were discussed that display the U.S. topo series with varying options. The USGS Historical Topographic Map Explorer (http:// historicalmaps.arcgis.com/usgs) designed by Esri provides a seamless map overlay with transparency. However, image download (with collar) is offered as geopdf only – not ideal for reuse in a GIS platform. Whereas the USGS TopoView (http://ngmdb.usgs. gov/maps/TopoView/viewer) offers multiple file formats for download (jpeg, kmz, geopdf, geotiff) and enhanced search options, but no seamless map display. A portal using a combination of both these sites is ideal. Brock has experimented with image display options using ArcMap, achieving some success. Georeferenced topographic maps are stored in a mosaic dataset - a data model within the geodatabase used to manage a collection of raster images. In brief, the steps to creating a seamless display in ArcMap involve creating footprints – a manual method for virtually cropping the map to its neatline. This method preserves the map in its entirety (with collar) but displays only the content defined by the footprint. The new map document, which appears seamless, can be shared in ArcGIS Online (AGOL) as an image service – a publishing process that takes place within the desktop platform. Although this process consumes Esri organizational credits for caching and storage, the cost is minimal. Global sharing and convenient access via ArcMap desktop are key advantages of AGOL (Brock has used this procedure for many of its digitized map and air photo collections). Brock has also added seamless displays to its local data listing, including a download option for individual geotiff map images (http://www.brocku. ca/maplibrary/digital/Niagara-NTS-63k.php). CONCLUSION The research and standards presented here highlight the ongoing considerations of OCUL libraries in undertaking a large map digitization project. Get in touch! Sarah Simpkin (sarah.simpkin@uottawa.ca), Jay Brodeur (brodeujj@mcmaster.ca), Amber Leahey (amber.leahey@utoronto.ca), Colleen Beard (cbeard@brocku.ca), Sharon Janzen (sjanzen@ brocku.ca) Special thanks to the OCUL Geo Community especially Cheryl Woods and Eva Dodsworth, who are actively involved in this project, as well as McMaster University summer students Victoria Balkwill Tweedie and Katie Maloney for their hard work and assistance. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 23 CONFERENCE PAPER PRESCRIPTION CONSERVATION: A PREVENTATIVE AND POST REMEDY FOR USERS OF MAPS Kyla Ubbink Ubbink Book and Paper Conservation Clients, researchers, students, and in general the people who use map collections are the driving force for the existence of such collections; and yet, are also the destructive force that renders maps unusable. These users listen to advice about wearing gloves, using weights to hold maps open, being cautious not to tear or soil the artifacts; but before long there is a coffee cup holding down a corner of a 150year old map, an open pen sprawled across the surface, non-gloved- donut holding hands leaning on the legend, and a big watch about to catch an edge causing a ripping sound that runs chills down the spine. After time, the benign user instils the same sense of dread as epidemic bird flu or West-Nile virus. The more maps are handled the worse they become. Creases and abrasions develop into tears, and the tears propagate becoming losses. Dirt and debris accumulates, stains are inadvertently added and before long these products of deterioration are eating away at the paper fibres and rendering the information illegible. At some point the poor state of the most heavily used portions of the collection becomes unavoidably noticeable. Users, although they originally caused the damage, are now afraid of handling the maps at all, find it too difficult to work with them, and ultimately seek out other sources. The dedicated professional archivist or librarian takes out their first aid kit, and administers, as best as possible, repair tapes and glues to ease the suffering of the maps. These tactics can provide short-term relief, but are literally a band-aid solution to an injury much more serious then a boo-boo and if applied improperly can lead to staining, stress and additional tears. The other remedy a good collections care-taker administers is to digitize the collection. Certainly this solves many problems, and eliminates the need for users to handle the maps at all. However, the act of digitizing maps requires that the maps are in at least a useable condition, which means not crumbling, cracking, or disintegrating. Whether the maps will be put through the rigors of a roll-scanner or sucked onto a wall to have their picture taken for digitization, they are going to be exposed to the pathogens of excess use and will suffer greatly if they are not stable to begin with. Conservation treatment offers the most effective remedies to the plagues unleashed by users and can also be applied to prepare maps for digitization. Like physicians, conservators are prone to using all sorts of technical sounding language like chemical stabilization, de-acidification, and casting. Sometimes what a conservator thinks is very obvious and illustrative language is not so descriptive regarding the actual treatment a map will undergo (Figure 1). The best prescription to remedy the brittleness, yellowing, and deterioration due to ingrained dirt and exposure to atmospheric pollutants; as well as, inherent pollutants introduced during manufacturing, is washing. Submersing the maps in repeated baths of water with the addition of a mild anionic detergent and calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide removes ingrained dirt and neutralizes acidic pollutants. During this process the damaged cellulose molecules of the paper will reconnect with itself effectively healing the damage returning suppleness. Removing the dirt renders a brighter and whiter paper with higher contrast and definition which results in better digital copies. Worse than pollutants introduced through the atmosphere and handling, old forms of repair tapes contain products that eat away at the paper fibres. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 24 Figure 1 – Before and After Treatment of a Map Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 25 Although these ‘band-aids’ have kept all of the pieces of the map together and saved them from suffering massive loss, they need to be remove as soon as possible. This part of treatment happens before the bathing, unless fortune smiles and the tape happens to be water soluble and will float off during the wet treatment. Testing and experience guides a conservator on how to approach any type of tape removal. The type of plastic, adhesive and it’s state of deterioration will determine whether it will be removed through mechanical process like peeling and scraping, if it can be heated to soften the adhesive, or if chemicals, including acetone and Heptane will be applied. It is important to remove deteriorating tape before it crosslinks with the paper and can no longer be removed leaving dark amber coloured staining Figure 2 – Removal of Plastic Tape with Heptane and eventually eating through the paper (Figure 2). Conservation uses two methods to repair tears which will not cause future damage. Tears can be repaired ‘locally’ by adhering a strip of Japanese paper to the verso of the map with wheat starch paste. The repair strip of paper acts like tape to hold the two sides together, but the wheat starch paste adhesive will not discolour or eat at the map and the Japanese paper moves with the map. When faced with multiple tears in one map the most effective method of repair is to back or line the entire map with cotton cloth, canvas, or paper, also adhered with wheat starch paste. Lining is not a new concept; most maps were originally line with cotton or linen cloth to provide extra strength and durability. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 26 Lining occurs while the map is still wet from bathing. If the map was originally lined with a cloth backing that is now torn through, the original backing and the adhesives are removed. The wet map is supported on plastic while all of the tears are aligned, then the map is ‘locked’ in place by a non-adhere facing of polyester release material. The map is placed face down, wheat starch paste is applied to the verso, the lining material is laid over the map and then smoothed with sponges followed by rolling with a brayer. Maps are dried by pressing between blotting paper or on stretchers like those used for canvas paintings or blank Japanese Byobu screens (Figure 3). Figure 3 – Steps to Lining a Map with Linen Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 27 When caring for have a very large collection on a limited budget, it may not be feasible to give every map this kind of full stabilization treatment. Minimal treatment can be the compromise that makes the collection stable enough to be handled and digitized, while still accommodating the resources available. Minimal treatment is exactly as it sounds, doing the absolute least possible to just repair tears locally so that the map can be handled without losing information. This level of treatment does not stabilize or preserve a map. It does not remove dirt or products of deterioration, the map does not come out brighter with higher definition, and it is not rendered supple or made easy to handle. There are times when all a map requires is a few tear repairs and maybe securing lifting paper to its cloth backing, and then there are times when the solution is to find a happy medium between minimal treatment and stabilization such as surface cleaning, removing tape, repairing tears, humidification and flattening, but not washing or re-backing. The opposite of minimal treatment is restoration treatment. Restoration focuses on long term preservation and stabilization, as well as, the aesthetic qualities of the map. Restoration will always begin with the stabilization processes of cleaning, washing, removing tape and repairing tears; then takes the next steps to remedy stains, in-fill losses, recreate lost media and return colour. The success rate of stain reduction and removal is usually somewhere between 60% and 99%; meaning that stains and discolourations can be improved upon, but never 100% completely removed. There will always be some slight hint or shadow of the stain left. A conservator will provide some idea as to what extent a stain can be reversed based on what caused the stain or discolouration, spot testing and experience. Oft times the washing process will satisfactorily reduce stains and discolouration, but variety of bleaches are also employed to remove foxing spots, mould stains, tidemarks caused by flooding and spilt liquids, light damage, and yellowing caused by acidic framing and housing materials. The newer the stain, easier and more effectively removed (Figure 4). Figure 4 – Before and After Full Restoration Treatment ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 28 Lost paper and material can be in-filled with paper, carefully chosen to match the weight, texture, and colour of the map. In-fills are dyed with watercolour paint to obtain as close a colour as possible. Watercolour paints are used to recreate any lost highlighting or original colouring that has faded or worn away on a map. Actually recreating lost text is a subject to be deeply considered. No matter how carefully done, it is never going to match the original exactly. Rejoining lines, and touching up small areas of the title and larger text can be done without it becoming distracting, however, no one is ever going to match the finest of the engraving printing techniques, even using the smallest tipped pen and greatest care. Choosing what to do when is probably the hardest task of all. A conservator can provide guidance, indicating what is necessary and what can wait, what success rates of treatment will be like and what precautions should be taken post treatment. The decision is ultimately that of the caretaker. The choices made will affect the longevity of the map collections, determining whether or not they will be accessible to users and if they can be successfully digitized. Discussions with conservators are of the utmost importance. Conservators need to know how the maps will be used, if it is for research, long term preservation, exhibit, or digitization, so that together, an appropriate course of action can be taken to meet the needs of the collection, it’s users, and fits within a budget. That leads to another challenge, finding a conservator. The Canadian Association for Professional Conservators offers the only accreditation process in Canada, but it is not mandatory and anyone can call themselves a conservator. The CAPC does provide a directory of its members, and one can be comforted by the fact that those listed have undergone a peer review process meeting a standard of technical abilities and practice within the code of ethics. Asking colleagues and using online searches are also avenues to take when seeking out a conservator. Bid processes are the best way to compare prices, and can also be used to compare the other qualities of a conservator. Setting up a point system based on experience, continued professional development, membership in professional organizations, references, and proposed treatments, as well as pricing, is an excellent way to ensure the best value for the money invested. Users of maps will always cause anxiety for caretakers and put the condition of a collection in jeopardy. No matter how many preventative measures are in place, handling maps results in damage and renders them in a less than “healthy” state. Even the noble act of digitization to prevent excessive use and increase accessibility is going to cause damage. The only remedy is to apply conservation treatment. Stabilization treatment repairs damage and provides long term protection, restoration returns maps to a newer state, and minimal treatment is short term relief preventing the current tears and cracks from getting worse. Choose a conservator wisely, and rest at ease, knowing that although users will be a plague upon the collection, there is a cure at hand. Accredited with the Canadian Association for Professional Conservators, Kyla Ubbink specializes in the treatment of books and paper artefacts and the preservation of archival collections. With a diploma in Museum Studies in 2000, Mrs. Ubbink began her career in the field of paper and archival conservation fulfilling contracts in the Library and Archives Canada’s Conservation Laboratories. In 2005, Mrs. Ubbink established her own business, Ubbink Book & Paper Conservation, providing professional conservation, restoration and preservation consultation services to institutions, galleries, antiquities dealers, collectors, researchers and genealogists. Mrs. Ubbink is also a part time professor of cultural preservation for Algonquin College’s Archives and Records Management Program, has publications in professional periodicals, and provides workshops and lectures for community groups and heritage professionals. Visit www.bookandpaperconservation. com for more information on Mrs. Ubbink and Ubbink Book and Paper Conservation. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 29 ACMLA Awards The ACMLA Executive was honoured to recognize two individuals and one entity for their outstanding contributions to the Association of Canadian Map Library and Archives. Winners were announced and recognized during the Carto 2015 Banquet. Certificate of Appreciation The Atlas of Canada, Royal Canadian Geographical Society Certificate of Appreciation was awarded to the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for its Atlas of Canada (2014) published by Harper Collins. The Certificate of Appreciation is awarded to a corporate entity (or individual) responsible for the generation or production of traditional or digital map and spatial products and specifically, for leadership and exemplary conduct in reducing barriers to those products; for excellence in the production of such products, or for innovation in documentation, metadata, user guides and other means of making those products better and more easily used. Nominations may be made by any ACMLA member in good standing, or by the ACMLA Awards Committee, and should be accompanied by a brief explanation of the nomination, signed by two ACMLA members. I would like to nominate the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for this certificate. The Atlas of Canada, published in 2014, by HarperCollins in conjunction with The Royal Canadian Geographical Society is the first atlas published in many years that highlights Canada to such an extent. As per the description on the Canadian Geographic website, the atlas includes: 45 pages of fully up-to-date reference maps; 20 pages of historical maps; 56 pages of thematic mapping and graphics; over 275 photos and 15 digitally enhanced satellite images and 156 pages of commentary, maps and photographs on each province and territory. The table of contents is extensive and covers: history, physical geography, natural environment, climate, population, resources, economy, provinces and territories, reference maps and a commentary by Derek Hayes about Canada’s future. The index to the reference maps, at the end of the atlas is very inclusive. The inside of the front and back covers feature basic information about each province and territory and portray keys to map pages within the atlas. In addition to this high quality atlas, the Society has been producing comprehensive regional and thematic maps of Canada for decades. Cartographic collections across the country hold these maps and provide access to them to a wide variety of users for their research. The Society also offers support through educational programs and grants to advance geographic education. Their digital presence with the Canadian Atlas Online is another innovative resource tool for all ages. Members of the Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives wish to acknowledge the cartographic production excellence of The Royal Canadian Geographical Society with this certificate and encourage them to continue to map Canada’s landscape. Cheryl Woods, Western University Jennifer Marvin, University of Guelph Teresa Lewitzky, University of Guelph ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 30 Cathy Moulder Paper Award The Cathy Moulder Paper Award is awarded to an individual who has researched, written and published a paper of significant value in the ACMLA Bulletin. The paper is considered for its solid contribution to map librarianship, curatorship or archiveship Award Recipient : Barbara Znamirowski Article Title : A New View from Space: Making TERRASAR-X Data Accessible to the Canadian Research Community ACMLA Bulletin Number: 148, Fall 2014 ACMLA Student Paper Award The Student Paper Award is awarded to a student from Canada or studying in Canada currently enrolled in a post-secondary institution (college or university) who has written an original paper related to the interests of the ACMLA. Primary consideration for the award is given to the essay’s originality and its contribution to new knowledge and inight in GIS or cartography. Other considerations include the author’s demonstration of the relevance of the subject, the quality of the presentation and documentation, and the literary merits of the essay. Award Recipient : Jeff Allen, University of Toronto Student Paper Title : Capitalist Cartography: Road Mapping in Interwar Canada Jeff’s winning paper is printed on page 37 Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 31 Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives / Association des Cartothèques et Archives Cartographiques du Canada ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING In Ottawa, ON Morisset Hall, Room 218, 65 University Private Thursday, June 18, 2015 Present: R. Bartlett (Carleton); C. Beard (Brock); F. Berish (Queens); S. Biondo (Laval); d. Brendle-Moczuk (Victoria); J. Brodeur (McMaster); C. Dietz (Manitoba); D. Duda (Memorial); A. Guindon (Concordia); S. Hanratty (UNB); D. Jakubek (Ryerson); D. Jones (Alberta); L. Laliberte (Alberta); A. Leahey (Scholar’s Portal); P. LeBlanc (Ottawa); T. Lewitzky (Guelph); M. Miller (Western); L. Mitchell (Lakehead); T. Mrozewski (Laurentian); R. Orlandini (York); V. Pow (Alberta); S. Quin (Guelph); J. Rivard (Carleton); K. Schultz (British Columbia); S. Simpkin (Ottawa); S. Sunstrum (Carleton); D. Yanofsky (McGill); B. Znamirowski (Trent) 1.0 Establishment of Quorum; Call to Order Quorum was established. The meeting was called to order at 12:25 p.m. 2.0 Opening Remarks from the President ACMLA-ACACC R. Orlandini went through the agenda and then introduced the current executive: S. Hanratty (1st VP), D. Yanofsky (2nd VP), R. Bartlett (Treasurer); and D Duda (Past President). C. Lundrigan (Secretary) could not be here this year so D. Duda will be taking the minutes for the AGM. 3.0 Approval of Agenda The agenda was accepted as is. 4.0 Approval of Minutes from the Annual General Meeting of 2014 D. Jones moved to accept the minutes as is – seconded by S. Sunstrum. Passed. 5.0 Business Arising From the Annual General Meeting of 2014 National Topographic Map Inventory S. Hanratty reminded attendees that at last year’s AGM the concept of a member-driven task force dealing with the national topographic map inventory was discussed. Such a task force was not organised as a result of the conversation; however, it remains an option for those interested in pursuing it. Future Conferences S. Hanratty then discussed future conferences and the challenge of getting a commitment to host the event. S. Biondo asked why a commitment one to two years in advance cannot be obtained to make it a bit easier for the local arrangements people to plan. S. Hanratty replied that there are a number of reasons including that it is often difficult for members to get a commitment from their University Librarian to support an event more than one year away. R. Orlandini added that for some years it was easier to get a longer term commitment but now some regions have fewer members in the organization. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 32 S. Hanratty suggested that we might want to consider changing the general model of hosting. She proposed that perhaps instead of trying to alternate among the regions evenly we might need to host the conference in Ontario and Québec more frequently than in the past. V. Pow felt that it would not matter if the conference was held more often in Central Canada since the majority of the membership was from that region. D. Jones added that the site was more important than the region – we need a place to host the event. S. Biondo asked if we might consider meeting with other groups every five years and outside of Canada. D. Yanofsky responded that this was a good idea and it should be looked into it further. D. Duda let the membership know that the Society for the History of Discovery is interested in coming to Canada and might be interested in meeting with us. He also mentioned how budgets are becoming a major issue again and University Librarians cringe at being ask to host such events. C. Dietz suggests that a brain storming session take place to discuss all of these interesting suggestions. S. Hanratty agreed that this was a good idea but we could also better utilize our LISTSERV list with this discussion and encouraged the members to do so. 6.0 President’s Report The full report is on the ACMLA-ACACC website. R.Orlandini reported that this has been a transitional year for the executive and organization with the new by-laws and regulations being in place. The framework for our future is now set. The new executive will be presented to the membership later in the meeting. Members will notice that some committees will disappear and more task forces will be struck to look into future challenges and issues for the organization. GeoAlliance Canada R. Orlandini reported that D. Yanofsky has been an active member on the Steering Committee of the Canadian Geomatics Community Round Table. R. Orlandini and D. Yanofsky attended the Ottawa workshop that formed GeoAlliance Canada. We are still waiting for more information before we commit to be a full member of the Alliance. When this information is gathered it will be shared with the membership to see if we want to join the organization. Activities The terms of reference are being revised for the mentoring program. Since the Historic Maps program is winding down, R. Orlandini asked members that if they have extra copies of any of the ACMLA-ACACC map series to please send her two copies so that we can ensure our own archival copies. She also stressed not to break up any of the portfolio collections of this series – just send her extra copies of the “one-offs” to her. Thank You’s R. Orlandini thanked C. Lundrigan for all of her work with the by-laws and terms of reference over the last couple of years. Her efforts, along with those of L. Trimble, helped make our transition be smooth for all of us. She then thanked D. Duda for his years of service on the executive since he is stepping down after this AGM. 7.0 First Vice President’s Report The full report is on the ACMLA-ACACC website. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 33 S. Hanratty thanked the Local Arrangements and Program committees for their work on the Ottawa conference. The members of the two planning committees were Sarah Simpkin, Rebecca Bartlett, Francine Berish, Carys Carrington, Pierre LeBlanc, Joël Rivard, Courtney Lundrigan, Sherri Sunstrum, and herself. Membership (full report on website) As of December 2014 we have 206 members with 96 of those being Institutional or Exchange. A more active recruitment of new members will be an on-going agenda item of the new executive. Bibliographic and Cataloguing Committee This committee is currently dormant. Copyright Committee This committee is dormant but a copyright task force was established this past year and the members will report to the membership about best practices and step-by-step guides in the near future. Awards (full report on website) Jeff Allen from the University of Toronto received the Student Paper Award for his paper entitled “Capitalist Cartography: Road Mapping in Interwar Canada.” The Cathy Moulder Paper Award went to Barbara Znamirowski from Trent for her paper “A New View from Space: Making Terrasar-X Data Accessible to the Canadian Research Community.” Certificate of Appreciation was given to the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for its Atlas of Canada (2014) published by Harper Collins. Mentoring There was one pairing this last year. Colleen Beard and R. Orlandini collaborated last year in an effort to generate some ideas for program renewal. C. Beard has agreed to continue on heading this program. 8.0 Second Vice President’s Report The full report is on the ACMLA-ACACC website. Publications D. Yanofsky thanked Eva Dodsworth for her role as editor of The Bulletin. She also thanked Larry Laliberté as the Publication’s Officer. L. Laliberté reported that two items were sold this year. Web D. Yanofsky thanked S. Hanratty, Jacqueline Kreller-Vanderkooy, and Wenonah Fraser van Heyst for their work with our website. There may be changes in the future for the site as the new Vice President for Communications and Outreach may have new ideas for the site. Historic Maps To add to R. Orlandini’s report about archiving two copies of each map in the collection, the Bird’s Eye Views have been united once again from the University of Alberta and McMaster University. Their current home is Memorial University where D. Duda hopes to sell the remaining inventory. General More discussion about The Bulletin will be dealt with during D. Yanofsky’s presentation about the future of The Bulletin later in the conference. A $250 honorarium was given to the web master and $1,500 in honoraria were given to editor of The Bulletin - $500/issue with three issues being published for the year. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 34 9.0 Treasurer’s Report The full report is on the ACMLA-ACACC website. Three documents were handed out to the membership: 1) ACMLA Financial Report – January 01, 2014 to December 31, 2014; 2) ACMLA Financial Report – January 01, 2015 to May 31, 2015; 3) ACMLA Budget 2015. The transition to a new Treasurer this past year went smoothly. The organization has switched from the Royal Bank to the Scotia Bank as of October 2014. The difficulties with Pay Pal and personal names was fixed in May 2015. ACMLA Financial Report January 01, 2014 to December 31, 2014 Last year’s AGM was a money maker – approximately $1,500. Our membership income was approximately $8,500. Income from map sales was approximately $3,700 which was mainly from one large sale to World of Maps in Ottawa. The GIC is shown as an income and expense because we had to pay $3,000 to cover our VISA use, but this is also an investment as well. Some of the AGM expenses from the 2013 conference was covered with the 2014 budget. The legal and translation fees were significant for the year as this was when the work was done with the by-laws, procedures and terms of reference. ACMLA Financial Report – January 01, 2015 to May 31, 2015. The main line for this report is the AGM and we won’t know the final numbers until after the conference. Budget 2015 It looks like the conference this year will break even – a gain/loss of $200? Membership numbers seem to be on par with past years. Legal and translation fees should be less than budgeted. Discussion – 2015 Budget A. Leahey asked if our organization ever financially helped other organizations, e.g. donate money for other conferences or organizations. The GeoAlliance is one possibility. D. Duda mentioned that in the past we have been asked to be a sponsor at other events. R. Orlandini then asked A. Leahey if she was wondering if we’d be willing to commit to something this AGM? A. Leahey replied that she recognizes that we’re running a deficit budget but was thinking about being a sponsor at IASSIST? D. Yanofsky thought that helping members go to regional conferences to represent ACMLA-ACACC might be one way of participating with other professional organizations. Motion to approve the 2015 Budget – moved by S. Hanratty and seconded by S. Simpkin – passed. 10. Past President’s Report The full report is on the ACMLA-ACACC website. D. Duda reported that the executive had set aside $5,000 to assist members to attend the AGM and conference. Seven members applied for assistance and all received full funding. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 35 D. Duda then reported on the Nominations Committee and its work in getting a slate of executive members for the coming year. He thanks Virginia Pow and David Jones from the University of Alberta for their work in this committee. 24 members plus the current executive were contacted to see if they would be interested in running for any of the executive positions. With the new structure of the organization, there are two new vice president offices – Vice President Professional Development and Vice President Communications and Outreach. After the initial contacts made with members, two agreed to vie for the President’s portfolio, no one put their name forward for Vice President/President Elect, one agreed to stand for Vice President Professional Development, one agreed to stand for Vice President Communications and Outreach, one agreed to stand for Secretary and one agreed to stand for Treasurer. After this slate was announced to the membership via the list-serv, one of the people running for President announced they would step down from the competition for President and put their name forward for Vice President/President Elect. This amendment was announced to the membership via the list-serv and a full slate has been achieved. The new executive will be announced later in the meeting. 11. New Business R. Orlandini announced that there was nothing new from the executive and asked the membership if there was anything they wanted to discuss. Future conferences and financial aid to other organizations were brought up. F Berish asked if there have been discussions of a “profit model” for the organization. R. Bartlett replied that yes, it has been discussed and now with map sales no longer bringing income to the organization, where do we get income? The only two alternatives now are membership and the conference. Do we look at increasing membership fees? Do we charge more for the conference? D. Yanofsky pointed out that it has been a long time since membership fees were increased. B. Znamirowski asked about the possibility of a SSHRC grant again with the transition to the new by-laws being complete. D. Yanofsky replied that with SSHRC changing their model for organizations getting funding, we have to work on selling ourselves in ways to fit different models. R. Orlandini added that other organizations are going through similar challenges. D. Duda reported about a project at Memorial University where SSHRC granted funds for a project and if ACMLA-ACACC could somehow market that angle, it might make it easier to get SSHRC funding. D. Jones asked about the idea of becoming a charitable organization and accept donations. S. Hanratty replied that there are pros and cons to that idea. There seems to be more cons. Then she asked a number of other questions to consider: - Do we raise fees – both membership and conference? - Do we go to a digital only bulletin? If so, do we then offer a print-on-demand to those who want a print copy? - Do we have the conference every two years? There was concern this year that this would be one of the lowest attended conferences to date. It has not turned out that way, but it was a concern. We need to keep this discussion going with the membership. C. Dietz explained how the Manitoba GIS Users Group worked with high schools in the province and mentored people in the region. How can ACMLA-ACACC possibly get involved with similar programs and possibly get fees for this work? V. Pow mentioned that it is important to have this discussion now versus waiting until our budget is low. R. Bartlett agree and reminded the membership that this is the second deficit budget i n a row. A. Leahey mentioned sponsorships. S. Hanratty reminded the membership of the challenge to keep expenses low and reasonable for the conference but do we raise the fees in future years? S. Biondo asked about selling advertisement in The Bulletin – the membership thought that was a good idea. C. Beard added that it has been done in the past. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 36 D. Jones suggested inserts in The Bulletin. C. Beard supported the idea of increased fees for membership and the conference. She also suggested a membership drive to increase membership numbers. She liked the idea of working at getting sponsors. D. Jones brought up the point that meeting with other organizations means greater numbers at the conference and this helps keep the fees lower. As for recruitment we could attract a larger audience by getting involved with more groups and seeking out programs in community and technical colleges that have similar interests. S. Hanratty replied that conference sharing is a positive experience but we also need members to attend. C. Beard supported the idea of joint conferences because it meant more people and better chances of getting sponsors. R. Bartlett reminded everyone that the University of Ottawa and Carleton libraries sponsored this event by not charging for rooms, as well as by paying for some of the breaks and other fees. As such, “In Kind” sponsorship should not be forgotten. Everyone agreed. T. Mrozewski pointed out that for smaller institutions like his (Laurentian), it is a challenge to hold such events. S. Biondo suggested that we take a survey of the membership to see who can do what for the conference. Everyone thought this was a good idea. S. Sunstrum brought up the idea of having the conference every two years and this might make it easier to organize/arrange with the extra time? D. Yanofsky liked the discussion and the ideas that were being presented…now we need to use the listserv as well to keep it going. S. Biondo asked if we moved the conference to May so that we have less overlap with other conferences the members might want to attend. D. Duda pointed out that the time of year is an important factor – in Newfoundland we always ask the membership to come to St. John’s in July simply because of the weather. d. Brendle-Moczuk felt that meeting every two years is not a good idea simply because of the speed of technological change – we need to meet every year to help keep up with these changes. C. Dietz supported the idea of having a survey. D. Jones also felt that a conference every two years would create a situation of too many topics/presentations in a restricted time frame. S. Simpkin asked that the travel policy also include registration fees to be considered for reimbursement. Not all members have access to funds from their respective institutions. 12.0 Nominations Report on Elections D. Duda announced the new executive to the membership. President – Siobhan Hanratty (University of New Brunswick) Vice President/President Elect – D. Yanofsky (McGill University) Past President – Rosa Orlandini (York University) Vice President Professional Development – Jason Brodeur (McMaster University) Vice President Communications and Outreach – Tracy Sallaway (Trent University) Secretary – Marilyn Andrews (University of Regina) Treasurer – Rebecca Bartlett (Carleton University) 13.0 Adjournment Meeting was adjourned at 12:45 p.m. Moved by T. Mrozewski. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 37 ACMLA Student Award Winner CAPITALIST CARTOGRAPHY: ROAD MAPPING IN INTERWAR CANADA Jeff Allen University of Toronto ACMLA Student Award Winner Presented at CARTO 2015 Introduction Road maps do not only show people how to get from A to B; they also include capitalist messages that have the power to influence and persuade. This was especially true in Canada during the interwar period (1919-1939), which was a time of soaring private automobile ownership and road construction, and with this, an increasing use of road maps. At their surface, road maps provided motorists with useful geographic and navigational information. At closer observation, businesses and governments used road maps as devices to advance capitalism. They did this in three ways: they used maps to advertise products and ventures, they incorporated information in maps to promote auto travel, and they used strategic cartographic design to persuade travel along certain routes and to certain destinations. These practices evolved over the interwar period, and by the early 1940s, they were ubiquitous in Canadian road mapping. Background The private automobile arrived in Canada near the turn of the 20th century, but it wasn’t until after World War I that auto ownership rapidly increased. Post World War I, the costs associated with manufacturing automobiles had decreased and the economy was on the rise. Private vehicles, once thought of as luxury items, became much more common. In 1913, there were less than 55,000 registered vehicles in Canada; in 1919 there were nearly 350,000 registered vehicles, and by 1930 there were over 1,200,000.1 The government heavily invested in road construction projects to accommodate the growing number of motorists. Old gravel and dirt roads were paved over with concrete and thousands of kilometres of new roads were built across Canada. The length of surfaced roads in Canada nearly doubled from 1922 to 1930.2 Both short and long distance travel by road became more common. In cities, people increasingly drove to commute between home and work. In the countryside, people increasingly drove for tourism, with wilderness parks becoming popular destinations. Various businesses also made use of newly surfaced roads to transport goods. Roads and private vehicles had become a driving force in the Canadian economy. As more people used private vehicles for travel, the more they needed to rely on themselves for navigation. Road maps became essential navigational tools for motorists. Road maps displayed the network of roads that connected populated places as well as the location of major geographical features (Figure 1). This allowed motorists to locate where they were, where they needed to go, and which route they should take. Roads were often depicted hierarchically; those roads with better surfaces for driving or with higher speed limits were often indicated with more prominent lines. Places were also often shown hierarchically with cities shown using a larger point and corresponding type size than small towns and villages. Road maps varied in coverage area and scale. Some maps showed all of Canada, while others mapped at a regional or provincial level. There were 1Larry McNally, “Roads, Streets, and Highways,” in Building Canada: a history of public works, ed. Norman R. Ball (Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 1988), 36-37. 2Ibid. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 38 also urban road maps that showed the network of streets in a city. Most road maps were printed onto large sheets, but were able to fold up into a much smaller size so they could easily be transported. Mapping has a long history in Canada. Early Canadian maps included those used during exploration, land surveying, and defining property boundaries.3 Specific industries like infrastructure and natural resources relied on maps for uses like construction plans and logistics.4 Most of these maps were designed for specific purposes and they were not widely used by the public. Maps became widely used after World War I when people took to private vehicles for travel and used maps for navigation. Road maps became ubiquitous products sold in general stores and gas stations across the country. With an increasing demand for maps, came a growing number of cartographers who designed and published them. Most of these cartographers worked for governments (federal, provincial, or local), private industries, or community groups. These cartographers did not design without motive or external influence. Maps are often thought of as neutral – that they accurately represent the geographical world without subjectivity. Many people look at road maps and think that what is shown on the map should accurately correspond to a feature in the real world, and vice versa, what they see in the real world should be depicted on their map. But a map is not the real world; it is an analogy of it.5 It is like the real world, a representation of it, not a replication. ACMLA Student Award Winner 3Hayes, Derek. Historical Atlas of Canada. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2001. 4Ibid. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 39 As representations, all maps make generalizations of the real world. Road maps use symbology, particularly in the form of lines and points to represent real world features at a reduced scale. There are a number of choices a cartographer has to make in map design. When designing a road map, a cartographer decides what roads will be depicted, how they are depicted (choices of colour, line type, and label styles), and which roads will be omitted entirely as well as what images and text will accompany a map. All maps have a certain rhetoric, which can be deconstructed to understand their meaning beyond their visible geographical representations.6 Road maps too are inherently political documents. During the interwar period in Canada, road maps were not only used for geographic and navigational information, but as devices to advance capitalism as well. There were three ways that road maps were used for capitalist motives: by being a vessel for visual advertisements for products and businesses, by incorporating information in the form text and images that encouraged auto travel, and subliminally through cartographic design to influence the choice of route and destination. Advertising Brands & Products The first way that road maps were used to advance capitalism was through advertising. As maps became indispensable products for motorists, they became an opportunity for businesses to promote themselves. Businesses began to superimpose advertisements onto maps so more people would be aware of their brands and buy their products. The production of road maps was time consuming and expensive and advertising was a way to keep the sale prices of road maps down. Advertising imagery on maps are explicit examples of how businesses used maps to advance their objectives. Oil companies benefitted from increased auto travel. The more people drove, the more fuel they would sell During the interwar period, oil companies were expanding their network of gas stations to sell fuel and other products to a growing number of motorists.7 Several oil companies were in direct competition with each other, and they started to use maps to promote their brand. Oil companies hired cartographers to produce road maps tailored to their needs. Their road maps depicted regular features like a hierarchical network of roads, populated places, and other geographical features. Thus, their maps were useful for navigation. However, they would also include brand logos and other visual advertisements on their maps for the gas stations they operated and the products they sold. Advertisements were often placed as insets or on the versos of maps as well as on empty spaces on the map itself like bodies of water. Standard map elements such as titles, legends, and north arrows often incorporated advertising imagery and brand identity as well (Figure 2). By including these types of advertising imagery on maps, oil companies were anticipating that, as motorists used their maps, the more likely they would buy their products. Several community groups in Canada also produced road maps during the interwar years. Motoring clubs, composed of local motoring enthusiasts, often hired cartographers to make maps. Local business groups, like boards of trade, also produced road maps that encouraged auto travel and tourism. Maps produced by these community groups were usually at a local or regional scale, at the level where they were based. These maps included the main features found on most road maps, such as road networks, populated places, landmarks, and other geographical features. These road maps often included advertisements as well (Figure 3). Most advertisements were for local businesses and locally available products. Businesses would often pay for advertising space on these maps and these advertisements would offset some of the costs of map production and publication. By including advertisements on their maps, local businesses promoted themselves to motorists in aims to sell more products. ACMLA Student Award Winner 5Roger Downs, “Maps and Metaphors.” The Professional Geographer 33. no. 3 (August 1981): 289. 6J.B. Harely, “Deconstructing the Map,” Cartographica 26, no. 2 (1989): 3-4. 7The Canadian Encyclopaedia, “Gasoline Stations” accessed April 5, 2015 http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/ article/gasoline-stations/ ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 40 ACMLA Student Award Winner Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 41 ACMLA Student Award Winner Promoting Auto Travel The second way that road maps advanced capitalism was by including text and imagery on maps to further promote auto travel. Several industries benefited directly from increasing auto travel during the interwar period including oil companies, auto manufacturers, and tourism. The more people drove, the more money these industries would make. So road maps often included promotional imagery or tourist information to further encourage auto travel. The iconography of these promotional images incorporated romanticized depictions of the open road, the great outdoors, and freedom of mobility that auto travel could provide. The publishers of these maps hoped these images would persuade people to become motoring tourists.8 Some road maps also included tourist information in the form of promotional text that encouraged people to visit specific places, many of which were only accessible by car. Private industries, as well as government bodies that benefitted from increased auto travel, often included this information on their road maps. Oil companies were heavily invested in increasing auto travel. The more that people drove, the more fuel they would sell. Not only did they produce road maps that encompassed images that promoted their brand and products, they also included images that idealized auto travel. These images were often included on the front cover of fold out road maps. Some images showed romanticized depictions of roads traversing scenic landscapes, while others depicted cheerful motorists. These were strategies to create a motoring culture that would encourage more people to drive for leisure. Other images emphasized a freedom of mobility and endless destinations that auto travel could provide. For example, in 1933, the oil company Shell published maps with a cover image of a motorist in front of a collage of license plates from all over North America (Figure 4). 8James Akerman, “American Promotional Road Mapping in the Twentieth Century.” Cartography and Geographic Information Science 29. no. 2 (July 2002): 175. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 42 In some cases, promotional imagery fused brand and product advertisements with images that encouraged auto travel. Several images on map covers showed motorists being assisted by gas station attendants. By including these romanticized images on their road maps, oil companies were attempting to persuade motorists to drive more often, and thus purchase more of their products. Even the Canadian government promoted auto travel with their road maps. Several government bodies, at both the federal and provincial levels, produced yearly road maps. Although these maps were void of overt advertising found on maps produced by private industries like oil companies, government issued road maps were not objective; their motives were just not as apparent. Government bodies were spending millions of dollars in expanding the road network and were also expanding their network of public wilderness parks. Road maps were a vehicle to promote these ventures. Government issued road maps included scenic images of modern highways winding through picturesque landscapes or iconic images of natural phenomena (Figure 5). Government issued maps often included text as insets or on the verso of maps describing popular landmarks or nature that drivers might encounter during their trips further encouraging travel to certain places. By including these images and texts on road maps, the Canadian government was attempting to sway the public to travel on their roads and visit their public parks. Also, the more people drove, the more money the government would make in fuel tax. ACMLA Student Award Winner Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 43 Strategic Cartographic Design The third way that road maps were able to advance capitalism was subliminally through cartographic design. The signs and symbology on maps are often designed to be instruments of persuasion.9 Through processes of cartographic generalization - how information is selected and represented on a map - cartographers are able to influence route selection and choice of destination. For example, if a road map shows two different routes connecting two cities, most drivers will take the route that is depicted with a more prominent line on the map (Figure 6). In some circumstances, businesses or governments would benefit if motorists drove along specific routes or visited specific places rather than others. Strategic cartographic generalization was a method of persuading motorists to do so. ACMLA Student Award Winner Auto insurance companies delved into road mapping during the 1930s. Similar to oil companies, they hired cartographers to produce road maps, which they then provided to their clients or sold to promote their brand. Their maps included the main features found on most road maps as well as company logos and contact information. Insurance companies attempted to influence motorists using their maps. The fewer motorists got into accidents, the fewer insurance claims, and the higher their revenues would be. Their maps showed significant detail of road surface type, depicted hierarchically. The more prominent roads on their maps were usually roads that were safer and less likely for cars to get stuck or break down. By persuading motorists to drive on certain roads, the insurance companies were anticipating fewer claims. 9Dennis Wood & Fels, John. “Designs on signs / myth and meaning in maps.” Cartographica 23, no. 3 (September 1986): 54. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 44 ACMLA Student Award Winner Government issued road maps also attempted to persuade motorists through cartographic design. The government produced road maps partly to promote publically operated tourist sites, like wilderness parks and campgrounds. These parks often relied on entry fees to help fund operating costs. Government issued road maps highlighted the location of these parks, while those parks and campgrounds that were privately operated were less likely to be depicted on their maps. Also, provincial governments were developing new networks of provincial highways. They used cartographic design to promote these newly paved roads. Their maps depicted roads hierarchically; their newly paved roads were drawn with thicker lines than older roads. By doing this, the government was influencing motorists to drive on their newly paved roads. By persuading people to drive on their roads and visit their parks, they were promoting their efforts to their tax base. Conclusion Governments and private industries used road maps as vehicles of power, influence, and persuasion to advance capitalism during the interwar period. This was done in three ways: by including explicit advertisements on maps, by incorporating information that encouraged auto travel, and subliminally through strategic cartographic design. These methods were successful as they continued to be used after World War II. Even the term “road map” entered the modern lexicon as an analogy for planning and forethought. Auto travel increased throughout the 20th century; use of road maps became even more prevalent; and cartography continued upon the capitalist traditions established during the interwar period. Bibliography: Primary Sources: Canadian Travel Bureau. Map indicating main automobile roads between United States and Canada. Map. Ministry of Transport. 1939. Accessed from Map and Data Library, University of Toronto. Carruthers, H. K. Official road map of eastern Ontario and part of Quebec, New York and Vermont. Map. Perth Board of Trade. 1927. Accessed from Library and Archives Canada Online. Copp Clark Limited. Provinces of British Columbia and Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Map. British American Oil Company. 193-. Accessed from Map and Data Library, University of Toronto. H. M. Gousha Company. Shell Metropolitan Map, Official Road Map of Ontario. Map. 1933. Accessed from Map and Data Library, University of Toronto. H. M. Gousha Company. Shell Metropolitan Map, Ottawa and Quebec. Map. 1933. Accessed from Map and Data Library, University of Toronto. Imperial Oil Limited. Imperial Oil Map of Eastern Canada. Map. 1934. Accessed from Map and Data Library, University of Toronto. Saskatchewan Motor Club, Northern Division. City of Saskatoon. Map. 193?. Accessed from Map and Data Library, University of Toronto. Tyrrel, J. W. Road Map of the Province of Ontario. Map. Touring Department of the Ontario Motor League. 1920. Accessed from Library and Archives Canada Online. Wilson, Norman. Map of part of the province of Ontario. Map. Department of Public Highways. 1922. Accessed from Library and Archives Canada. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 45 Secondary Sources: Akerman, James. “American Promotional Road Mapping in the Twentieth Century.” Cartography and Geographic Information Science 29. no. 2 (July 2002): 175-191. Akerman, James. “Twentieth-Century American Road Maps and the Making of a National Motorized Space,” in Cartographies of Travel and Navigation, edited by James Akerman, 151-206. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Crampton, Jeremy. Mapping, a critical introduction into Cartography and GIS. West Sussex, UK: Wiley- Blackwell, 2010. Downs, Roger. “Maps and Metaphors.” The Professional Geographer 33. no. 3 (August 1981): 287-293. Harley, J.B. “Deconstructing the Map,” Cartographica 26, no. 2 (1989): 1-20. Harley, J. B. “Maps, Knowledge, and Power,” in The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments, edited by D. Cosgrove and S. Daniels, 277-312. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Hayes, Derek. Historical Atlas of Canada. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2001. McNally, Larry. “Roads, Streets, and Highways,” in Building Canada: a history of public works, edited by Norman R. Ball, 30-58. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 1988. The Canadian Encyclopaedia, s.v. “Gasoline Stations” accessed April 5, 2015 http://www. thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gasoline-stations/ Wood, Denis & Fels, John. “Designs on signs / myth and meaning in maps.” Cartographica 23, no. 3 (MONTH 1986): 54-103. Wood, Denis. The Power of Maps, 1-47. New York, NY: The Guilford Press, 1992. Jeff Allen studies human geography, GIS, and spatial analysis at the University of Toronto. His current study interests include researching the history of road maps in Canada, combining web-cartography with open data, and exploring Toronto’s urban geographies with GIS. He is currently working as a research assistant building a municipal election GIS for Toronto. Contact him at jeff.allen@mail.utoronto.ca or view a few of his mapping projects at http://jamaps.github.io/. ACMLA Student Award Winner ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 46 REVIEWS Compiled by Sarah Simpkin Atlas of Cities Reviewed by Jordan Hale Knox, Paul, ed. Atlas of Cities. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2014. 256p. $49.50 USD. ISBN 978-0-691-15781-8. The Atlas of Cities is a visually impressive overview of urbanization and urbanism around the world, featuring striking maps executed in a consistent and attractive style. Each double-page spread is devoted to a concise explanation of a trait or pattern associated with city life, with illustrations and photographs accompanying graphics illustrating space, time, and flow. The atlas is organized according to a taxonomy of cities developed by the authors, with each major theme represented by “core cities” and “secondary cities” (the core and secondary designations are merely meant to represent primary and supplementary case studies, and are not meant to contrast relative importance). Over the course of the atlas, we learn about networked cities, imperial cities, rational cities, celebrity cities, green cities, creative cities, and more - on the topic of creative cities, Richard Florida supplied the foreword, and notable geographers Andrew Herod, Peter Taylor, editor Paul Knox and others contribute chapter content. The cartographic team skillfully demonstrates how each city fits within its classification through minimalist maps that impart just the necessary information with no excess detail. Map scales range from examinations of historic centres and business districts to overviews of cities within their regional and global contexts, and many different styles of map design (including some three-dimensional works) are meaningfully employed to provide both variety and inspiration, with data sources properly cited. The design of the non-spatial infographics that appear in the text riff off of the book’s themes without being cheesy, and it is artfully photo edited. The elegance of this atlas and its maps cannot be overstated. My criticisms of the work relate to its overwhelming focus on cities in highly developed countries – my use of “around the world” instead of “global” in the first sentence of this review is intentional, as it is far from globally representative. There is an evident bias toward Europe and North America from the atlas’ historical overviews to the present, with a select few Asian cities seen as successful through the lens of capitalism. When we read about cities outside these continents, it is frequently framed in terms of the problems associated with conflict and poverty. While I can see the editor’s desire to use well-known archetypes in building up this typology of cities, I feel that there is a missed opportunity in not showing what is happening in locations not typically known to an Anglo- American audience. Instead of telling us what life is like in cities that have the budget to market themselves as on the cutting edge of sustainability, entertainment, and innovation, why not highlight lesser-known citizen-led hubs of creativity in developing nations, or feature the widespread penetration of mobile technologies in various African cities as an example of “intelligent” urbanism? While the Atlas of Cities is quite successful in visualizing well-known patterns, I feel it would be much stronger if it illustrated just how widespread these phenomena are. Jordan Hale, Original Cataloguer & Reference Specialist Map & Data Library, University of Toronto Toronto, ON Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 47 Great Maps Reviewed by Andrew Nicholson Brotton, Jerry. Great Maps. New York, New York: DK Publishing, 2014. 263p. $26.00 CDN. ISBN 978-1-4654-2463-1. The DK Publishing house are well known for producing general reference books and beautiful coffee table-like publications on a wide range of topics. For one of their latest books, Great Maps, DK has partnered with the Smithsonian Institution to produce a beautifully illustrated reference source highlighting over 60 items of cartographic material, from human beginnings to the present day. In the preface, Jerry Brotton, the author of Great Maps, reminds the reader that maps have far greater meaning then just as navigational tools. Over history, people have created and used maps to help “centre” themselves in a global, and even universal, context. Brotton goes on to say that maps “are as much about existence as they are about orientation.” In selecting the maps for his book, the author takes the consensus view of what a map actually is: “a graphic representation that presents a spatial understanding of things, concepts, or events in the human world”. He reminds us that maps are always subjective and are designed to meet the specific needs of their audience. Brotton’s approach is clearly seen in his map selection for the book. As anyone familiar with cartographic history would expect, Brotton has included some famous examples of maps, which altered how people perceived the world. These include Waldseemuller’s “America” map from 1507, and John Snow’s cholera maps from 1854. More interestingly however, the author has also included some more obscure pieces of cartographic history, including Fuller’s Dymaxion map from 1943, and the digital Cartogram from 2008. What’s also noteworthy about the map selections in Great Maps is the inclusion of many non-western works such as Dunhuang’s Star Chart from ancient China, the Aztec Map of Tenochtitlan, and the rice paper map of the Japanese coastline from Hokkaido to Kyushu drawn in 1821. These are just a few examples of the map gems found in Great Maps. Along with including both the familiar and more obscure map treasures, Brotton and DK Publishing have done wonderful job in both the layout and presentation of these map wonders. Taking a chronological approach, Great Maps is laid out over five chapters. These include “Classical Maps 1500 BCE-1300CE”; “Discovery and Travel 1300-1570”; “New Directions and Beliefs 1570-1750”; “Thematic Maps 1750- 1900”; and “Modern Mapping 1900 to Present”. Each chapter has 12-15 examples of individual maps, which Brotton believes were both beautiful and groundbreaking at that time of their creation. Unlike other atlases or histories of cartography, which typically focus on technical progress and improvements in scientific accuracy, Great Maps focuses more on the human expression of ideas and visions using maps, regardless of accuracy or format. Another difference between Great Maps and other similar map-illustrated coffee table books is the treatment and layout of the individual map examples. Rather than just presenting the map with some background text, the author devotes much attention to the detail of each map example, and the person or persons who were behind the map creation. Each map example is given several pages and includes a “visual tour”, in which sections and specific details of the map are focused upon and discussed. A general description of the map, its size, and format are also given; as well as its physical location. Sidebars are also featured ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 48 for each map example, which discuss the map creator and the context of the times the map example was created in. Sidebars describing the mapmaking technique are also included. Although Great Maps is a simple title, it does not begin to do justice to this fine cartographic history reference work. With its well-researched selections and beautiful illustrations, Great Maps provides a very accessible entranceway into the world of maps and cartographic history for newcomers, but will also provide new gems and insights for those already familiar with maps and map making. Andrew Nicholson GIS/Data Librarian University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga, Ontario Maps and memes: redrawing culture, place, and identity in indigenous communities Reviewed by Francine Berish Eades, Gwilym Lucas. Maps and memes: redrawing culture, place, and identity in indigenous communities. Canada: McGill- Queen’s University Press, 2015. 264p. $34.95. ISBN 978-07735-4449-9. With the current popularity and proliferation of internet memes, you might think a work titled Maps and Memes was targeted to the popular press, but do not let the title fool you. This book is intended for a high-level academic audience. Eades dedicates a significant portion of the book to describing his methodology for “place-memes”, a term based in memetic theory to describe a cultural unit of information about place passed on over time and across space. This work delivers a unique synthesis of related theory, primary research and storytelling to form a distinctive discourse for the discussion of place, culture and identity in indigenous communities. Eades accomplishes a difficult task in tying together decades of memetic literature and spatial theory with primary research collected working among different indigenous communities in Canada. The inclusion of cartography strengthens Eades arguments, helping the reader understand how the creation of maps according to Western standards can impose external cultural norms that influence changes to landscapes over time. The incorporation of indigenous artwork and maps demonstrates how mapping and GIS practices are challenged by the complex interactions between place and culture. Using his participation in the Wemindji Cree Community’s long walk kaachewaapechuu as an example, Eades demonstrates the processes in which commemorative journeys influence cultural relationships with place. These relationships in turn shape intergenerational knowledge, landscape, toponymy and language. Eades concludes with some insights on how to promote indigenous viewpoints through mapping and GIS education. With a likeness to a master’s thesis, this work is well suited to research library collections. Francine Berish Geospatial Data Librarian Queen’s University Kingston, ON Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 49 From the Reviews Editor: Thanks to those who submitted book reviews and to all who have expressed interest in reviewing! I’ll continue to request review copies from publishers - but please let me know if you have read a book of interest to the ACMLA and would like to submit a review, and if you have any suggestions for titles/sources. Here are the review guidelines: ACMLA Bulletin Book Review Guidelines Review Format 1. Bibliographic Citation This should include: author, title, edition, place of publication, publisher, date, number of pages, price (if known) and ISBN. Example: Bussey, Ben and Spudis, Paul D. The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 316p. $80.00 US. ISBN 0-521-81528-2. 2. Content The review should describe and critically evaluate the work. Typical review elements include: scope, purpose and content of the work; intended audience; writing style; background and authority of the author; how the work compares with other titles on the same subject; its usefulness as a research tool; any unique features; and its suitability for library collections. The length of the review is at the reviewer’s discretion, but should normally reflect the importance of the work. A typical review is about 500 words. 3. Your name, title, institutional affiliation, city and province/state Editorial Policy Opinions expressed in reviews are those of the reviewer, not of the ACMLA. The Reviews Editor may make minor edits, without communicating with the reviewer. Should the Editor determine that a major revision is required, she will contact the reviewer for discussion. Sarah Simpkin Reviews Editor ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 50 GEOSPATIAL DATA SOFTWARE REVIEWS Compiled by Andrew Nicholson Region of Peel Open Data http://opendata.peelregion.ca/ Reviewed by Andrew Nicholson As the editor of the Geospatial Data Reviews for the ACMLA Bulletin, I am choosing for this issue to return to the topic of Open Data sets. In past issues of the Bulletin, ACMLA members have submitted open data reviews for such cities as Vancouver, Toronto, Ottawa, and Mississauga. For this edition, we are going to be looking at a larger political entity: the Region of Peel. Why Peel? With a population of almost 1,300,000 in the 2011 Census, the Region of Peel is in fact the second largest municipal entity in Ontario after Toronto, and comprises the cities of Brampton, and Mississauga, as well as the Township of Caledon. From a geographical and broader research perspective, the Region of Peel provides a rich canvas for many potential research projects involving data. The Region of Peel includes perhaps the most diverse and rapidly growing population in Canada, with many new immigrants arriving every year. Peel has also experienced dramatic and controversial land use changes in the last two decades as a growing population and urbanizing pressures of neighbouring Toronto has placed the region’s shrinking rural and agricultural spaces under increasing threat. Lastly, the Region of Peel is also home to the largest airport in Canada and key transportation hub for Ontario and the rest of Canada making its connections and future needs an interesting source of study Description and Metadata The Peel Open Data is a web resource made available to the public by the Peel Data Centre which itself is managed by the Service Innovation, Information and Technology Department of the Peel Regional Municipality. Unlike some other municipalities in Canada which only offers open data from one or a few agencies of a city, the Peel Data Centre works to manage and provide access to data from all divisions of the Peel municipal government. This is reflected in the broad range of data you will find available from the website. You can browse the datasets under the following categories: “Demographics”, “Economic Activity”, “Environment and Resources”, “Facilities and Structures:, “Forecasts and Performance Indicators”, “Regional Geography”, and “Transportation”. Also included is a “Food Check” section, which includes data from food inspections at restaurants across Peel. There is also an “A to Z” link allowing a user to browse all the available open datasets provided by Peel Region. Through listening to its users and perhaps learning from the mistakes made in other cities embarking on open data initiatives, Peel Open Data is very comprehensive in serving up metadata for each of its open data sets. All the salient information is provided when one clicks on the data link, including the names of the Data Steward and Data Custodian, last updated year of the data, coordinate system of the data, and contact email address. Currency and Formats As with many other Canadian municipalities, the Region of Peel provides their open data in a number of different formats depending on the type of data and the applicable licences. Excel files are by far the most heavily offered format which is no surprise given that the majority of their data is based on numeric sources such as the Census and National Household Survey files. Google Earth KMZ and Esri Shapefiles are also comm
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Title by Number | Number 150, Newsletter - Association of Canadian Map Libraries |
Alternative Title | ACMLA bulletin |
Place of Publication | Ottawa (Ont.) |
Description | Number 150, Newsletter - Association of Canadian Map Libraries |
Subject |
Association of Canadian Map Libraries Association des cartotheques canadiennes Map collections--Canada--Periodicals Cartography--Periodicals |
Note | "Volume 1, Number 1". Until Spring 1974, each issue bore a issue and volume number, after which it was decided to use an issue number alone, counting from the first issue. |
Location | Canada |
Type | Text |
Resource Type | Periodical |
Format | image/jpeg; application/pdf |
Language | eng |
Collection | Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives Bulletin |
Journal Details | Numbers 1-15 (1968-May 1974) published as the Newsletter - Association of Canadian Map Libraries. Numbers 16-65 (November 1974-December 1987) published as the Bulletin - Association of Canadian Map Libraries. The Association name changed in 1987 to Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives (ACMLA); thus published as Bulletin - Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives, 1988 to the present. |
Sponsor | Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives |
PDF File | (8.36 MB) -- http://collections.mun.ca/PDFs/acmla/Number150NewsletterAssociationofCanadianMapLibraries.pdf |
Transcript | ASSOCIATION OF CANADIAN MAP LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES BULLETIN ASSOCIATION DES CARTOTHÈQUES ET ARCHIVES CARTOGRAPHIQUES DU CANADA NUMBER 150/ SPRING/SUMMER 2015 NUMÉRO 150 / PRINTEMPS/ÉTÉ/ 2015ASSOCIATION OF CANADIAN MAP LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES / ASSOCIATION DES CARTOTHÈQUES ET ARCHIVES CARTOGRAPHIQUES DU CANADA MEMBERSHIP in the Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives is open to both individuals and institutions having an interest in maps and the aims and objectives of the Association. Membership dues are for the calendar year and are as follows: Full (Canadian map field)... $45.00 Associate (anyone interested)... $45.00 ($35 US) Institutional... $65.00 ($50 US) Student... $20.00 Members receive the ACMLA Bulletin, the official journal of the Association, which is published three times a year. Officers of the Association for 2015/2016 are: Peuvent devenir MEMBRES de l’Association des cartothèques et archives cartographiques du Canada tout individu et toute institutions qui s’intéressent aux cartes ainsi qu’aux objectifs de l’Association. La cotisation annuelle est la suivante: Membres actifs(cartothécaires canadiens à plein temps)... 45$ Membres associés (tout les intéressées)... 45,00$ Institutions... 65,00$ Étudiant... 20,00$ Le Bulletin de l’ACACC sera envoye aux membres trois fois par annee. Les MEMBRES DU BUREAU de l’Association pour l’anne 2015/2016 sont: Views expressed in the Bulletin are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Association. The Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives gratefully acknowledges the financial support given by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Les opinions exprimées dans le Bullein sont celles des collaborateurs et ne correspondent pas nécessairement à celles de l’Association. L’Association des cartothèques et archives cartographiques du Canada remercie le Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada pour son apport financier. 1st Vice President / 1er Vice-Président Deena Yanofsky, Liaison Librarian Humanities & Social Sciences Library McGill University, Montréal, Québec vice.president1@acmla.org Past President / Président sortant Rosa Orlandini Librarian and Head of Map Library 102 Scott Library York University, Toronto, ON rorlan@yorku.ca Treasurer / Trésorier Rebecca Bartlett GIS and Digital Resources Librarian MADGIC, Carleton University Library Carleton University, Ottawa, ON treasurer@acmla-acacc.ca Secretary / Secrétaire Marilyn Andrews Spatial and Numeric Data Services University of Regina Library University of Regina, Regina, SK secretary@acmla.org President / Président Siobhan Hanratty Data/GIS Librarian Government Documents, Data, and Maps UNB Libraries University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB president@acmla.org Vice President Communications and Outreach / vice-président aux Communications et Rayonnement Tracy Sallaway Data and GIS Support Specialist Maps, Data & Government Information Centre - Data & GIS Thomas J. Bata Library Trent University, Peterborough, ON tracyarmstrong@trentu.ca Vice President Professional Development / vice-président au Développement professionel Jason Brodeur Manager, Maps/Data/GIS Mills Memorial Library McMaster University, Hamilton, ON brodeujj@mcmaster.ca ACMLA MAILING ADDRESS / ACACC ADRESSE D’AFFAIRES Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives / Association des cartothèques et archives cartographiques du Canada PO Box 60095 University of Alberta Postal Outlet Edmonton AB T6G 2S4 http://www.acmla.org ACMLA Bulletin index available at http://toby.library.ubc.ca/resources/infopage.cfm?id=187Bulletin Staff / Collaborateurs Editor: Eva Dodsworth Geospatial Data Services Librarian University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 tel: (519) 888-4567 x 36931 email: edodsworth@uwaterloo.ca New Books and Atlases Editor: Vacant New Maps Editor: Cheryl Woods Map & Data Centre Western University London, Ontario N6A 5C2 tel: (519) 661-3424 email: cawoods@uwo.ca Reviews Editor: Sarah Simpkin GIS and Geography Librarian University of Ottawa 309E, Bibliothèque Morisset Library sarah.simpkin@uottawa.ca Regional News Editor: Tomasz Mrozewski Data, GIS and Government Documents Librarian / Bibliothécaire pour les données, les services géospatials et les documents gouvernementaux Bibliothèque J.N. Desmarais Library 935 Ramsey Lake Road Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6 tmrozewski@laurentian.ca Geospatial Data and Software Reviews Editor: Andrew Nicholson GIS/Data Librarian University of Toronto at Mississauga 3359 Mississauga Rd. North Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6 email: anichols@utm.utoronto.ca GIS Trends Editor: Vacant BULLETIN DE L’ACACC NUMÉRO 150 PRINTEMPS/ÉTÉ 2015 ACMLA BULLETIN NUMBER 150 SPRING/SUMMER 2015 ON THE COVER... Chat of Hillsborough Bay, and the Harbour of Charlotte Town...George Wright, 1989 Reproduced at 69% of original size from an engraving in the Prince Edward Island Public Archives and Records Office ACML Facsimile Map Series No. 136 (ISBN 0827-8024 Published in 1992 by ACMLA Table of Contents PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE - Siobhan Hanratty 2 CARTO 2015 CONFERENCE REPORT, June 16-19, 2015 3 CONFERENCE PAPERS: Ontario’s Historical Topographic Map Digitization 19 Project - Beard, Brodeur, Janzen, Leahey, Simpkin Prescription Conservation: A preventative and post 23 remedy for users of maps - Kyla Ubbink ACMLA ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, June 18, 2015 31 STUDENT PAPER AWARD WINNER Capitalist Cartography: Road Mapping in Interwar 37 Canada - Jeff Allen REVIEWS 46 Atlas of Cities - Jordan Hale Great Maps - Andrew Nicholson Maps and Memes: Redrawing Culture, Place, and Identity in Indigenous Communities - Francine Berish GEOSPATIAL DATA AND SOFTWARE REVIEWS 50 Region of Peel Open Data - Andrew Nicholson REGIONAL NEWS - Tomasz Mrozewski 52 NEW MAPS - Cheryl Woods 54 ACMLA 2015 NEW MEMBERSHIP LIST 56ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 2 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE As the Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives enters its fiftieth year our objectives haven’t changed, but we have a new executive structure in place and some exciting prospects ahead of us. Our goals include growing our membership as well as the mentoring program; actively supporting professional development among our new and long-standing members; and revitalizing and reimagining the ways we communication with each other and with those outside the Association. Picking up on some of the dynamic conversations we had at the AGM in June, we encourage more discussion on the ACMLA-ACACC-L mailing list about all areas of interest, ranging from Association business, such as conference planning and the Bulletin, to ways members can participate in on-going projects such as the Barbara Petchenik Children’s Map Competition or the International May Year “Map of the Month.” We also have new initiatives in store for the up-coming year and years. Our new mandate calls for regional input to the executive, so we’ll be seeking volunteer to be regional representatives. You can also expect to see solicitations for ideas and feedback regarding professional development and communications strategies to help strengthen our organization. Thank You Notes Carto 2015 As has been said more than once, the Carto planning committees did a great job again this year. Thanks to everyone who participated, but in particular to Sarah Simpkin (University of Ottawa) and Rebecca Bartlett (Carleton University), who put together great proposals and implemented them with seeming unflappability. Executive Board – Outgoing and Incoming Courtney Lundrigan and Dan Duda are leaving the ACMLA Executive Board and I would like to take the opportunity to thank them for years of service (years and years in Dan’s case). We have benefitted tremendously from their participation and wish them the best in their freedom from official ACMLA duties. Thanks to our incoming Board members as well. We welcome Jay Brodeur as the new Vice President Professional Development, Tracy Sallaway as the new Vice President Communications & Outreach, and Marilyn Andrews as the new Secretary. We appreciate your willingness to serve and hope you enjoy yourselves. Thanks, as well, to those members who remain on the Executive in a returning or new capacity. Rebecca Bartlett has served as Treasurer for the past year and will remain in this role for two more years. Deena Yanofsky was the ACMLA Treasurer for three years before becoming our 2nd Vice President, and is now our new Vice President/President-Elect. Making the transition from President to Past President this year is Rosa Orlandini, who joined the Executive in 2011 as 1st Vice President and later President (2013). I would like to say a special thank you to Rosa, who has not only been a passionate advocate for the Association but who has acted as a mentor for me since I became 1st Vice President. Finally, as the new President I look forward to working with Deena, Rosa, and the rest of the Executive to strengthen our internal relationships and represent our interests outside our organization. - Siobhan Hanratty Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 3 CARTO 2015 https://carto2015.library.carleton.ca/ 49th Annual Conference of the Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives (ACMLA) June 16-19, 2015 Ottawa, Ontario Discovering and using Cartographic Resources: A user-centred focus In a constantly changing information landscape, the users we serve, and their needs, are evolving at a rapid pace. Innovations in technologies and services have allowed us to reach more users than ever before. Conference organized by the University of Ottawa and Carleton University Program Committee Members: • Siobhan Hanratty (chair) - uOttawa • Rebecca Bartlett - Carleton University • Courtney Lundrigan - University of Toronto • Joël Rivard - Carleton University • Sherri Sunstrum - Carleton University Local Arrangement Committee members: • Sarah Simpkin (chair) – uOttawa • Rebecca Bartlett - Carleton University • Carys Carrington - Carleton University • Siobhan Hanratty - University of New Brunswick • Pierre Leblanc – uOttawa • Joël Rivard - Carleton University ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 4 June 16th - June 19th, 2015 Tuesday June 16th : Pre-Conference Workshops INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL MAPPER Rebecca Bartlett, Carleton University Joël Rivard, Carleton University Summarized by Meg Miller Global Mapper is a GIS application initially developed by USGS in the early 90s and now owned by Blue Marble Geographics. It is currently on its 16th iteration, and has added many modules to its core program since its inception. The software was introduced as “an affordable and easy-to-use GIS application that provides just the right level of functionality to satisfy both experienced GIS professionals and beginner users.” CARTO 2015 CONFERENCE REPORT Figure 1: Global Mapper v16.2 landing screen with quick menu Upon opening the program you are presented with the quick menu, which gives you different options on how to go about starting your project. Adding data to your map is as simple as File> Open Data File(s) and then selecting the files from your computer you are interested in. Global Mapper supports 250+ data formats (raster, vector, 3D, elevation and spatial databases). Two huge advantages here are that you can add data that is in a zipped folder without unzipping, and that when you are adding DEM data like a float or ascii file it is the same simple process, there is no need to use a toolbox to convert it before it will be visible on the map. Interacting with the individual layers is done through the ‘Overlay Control Centre’, it is fairly similar to other software packages, the user just needs to make sure the layer is selected in the list, then you can opt to view its metadata or interact with the projection, symbolization, labelling and other common elements through the options button. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 5 Analysis is the other area where Global Mapper is very strong. While the dialog boxes are very busy, tasks such as extracting contours from a grid, creating a 3D path profile, or creating a 3D view of LiDAR data is a button or single menu click away. Part of the analysis procedure is selecting the area you want to perform the analysis on (all of the dataset or just a small portion). Exporting data and georeferencing uses the same sort of multi-windowed interface, allowing the user to zoom in and interact with a portion of their dataset. Having this option integrated into the analysis dialogs greatly improved workflow efficiency. Figure 2: Left- Accessing the analysis tools. Right- Analysis windows Compared to how well Global Mapper handles analysis and importing and exporting data, it falls short when using it to quickly create a final publishable product. It does the job, but it isn’t exactly pretty. Other • Affordable (as of June 2015 $449 USD /individual seat or contact to ask about ‘flexible licensing’) • Offers full access to Global Mapper Academic Curriculum with license purchase • Supports scripting and user generated add-ons • Active user forums, and help pages • Mac or Linux users will need to use an emulator, technical support does not cover this type of installation Pros and Cons Pros: • Cheap compared to other platforms • More time efficient/ less complicated to perform analysis functions than in other software packages • Intuitive importing and exporting for a wide variety of GIS formats • Offers academic support Cons: • Interface can be confusing if you are used to other software packages • Dialog boxes are busy and could be overwhelming to a novice • Final map-layout design is not great (but is it in most GIS software?) Conclusions Global Mapper could be a very helpful piece of software for an institution to add to their GIS toolkit. It is low cost, and as was said in the workshop, is an easier way to perform certain tasks that are complicated and time consuming in other GIS packages. For a patron who does not have a GIS background, and just needs to convert some GIS data to bring over into a software they are familiar with, like AutoCAD, having this tool available would improve their workflow. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 6 GEOCODING & ONLINE MAPPING Rebecca Bartlett, Carleton University Joël Rivard, Carleton University Sarah Simpkin, uOttawa Summarized by R. Bartlet, J. Rivard, and S. Simpkin Delivered by Sarah Simpkin (uOttawa), Joël Rivard (Carleton), and Rebecca Bartlett (Carleton) at CARTO 2015 on the afternoon of June 16th, this hands-on workshop/hackfest allowed participants to collaboratively explore various geocoding and online mapping tools. Participants worked through four scenarios and were asked to take notes on the various tools that they used. The four scenarios were: 1. Geocode a spreadsheet with addresses using online mapping tools and create an online map. 2. Geocode postal code data using online mapping tools and create a Google Earth (KML) file. 3. Plot latitude & longitude data using open source/free tools to produce an online map. 4. Geocode an excel table with addresses using desktop mapping tools only, with a KML file as output. Participants made notes on a Google Drive document, http://bit.ly/carto-geocoding. Notes were made for each scenario and the following is a summary of the findings by tools and geocoding functionality. APIs An application program interface (API) is a set of programming instructions and standards for accessing web-based software application or web tool. In the mapping world, users typically choose from three different free API sources to geocode their data in large batches: • Bing Maps - https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff701713.aspx • MapQuest Open - http://open.mapquestapi.com/geocoding/ • Google Maps - https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/ Each has their pros and cons but none of them is guaranteed to be 100% correct. Use them at your own risk! Also note that if you try to geocode thousands of addresses, you will probably end up with blank results after a while because the provider will decide that you're trying to process too many addresses in a short time. If that happens, consider breaking your data into smaller batches or looking at cost-based geocoding services. Most APIs do have a limited number of geocoding requests per 24-hour period. Geocoding Datasets GeoNames.org – Download free postal code data for numerous countries. Includes only the first 3 digits of the postal codes (Forward Sortation Area or FSAs) for Canada. Download is a CSV file that includes latitude and longitude for each postal code. Geocoder.ca – Free data download that includes postal code and street address data for Canada and zip code data for the USA. Download is a CSV file that includes latitude and longitude information for each postal code/street address. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 7 Esri locator files – Available from Esri data and is available to institutions with an Esri site licence ($). Allows for the geocoding of data in ArcGIS products. DMTI Spatial Data – Available to those that have purchased the CanMap product from DMTI Spatial ($) - http://www.dmtispatial.com/canmap/ • Locator files: Available from DMTI CanMap Route Logistics product. Allows for the geocoding of data in ArcGIS products. • CanMap Postal Code Suite. Includes both point (latitude and longitude information for each postal code) as well as polygon shapefile. Online Mapping Tools BatchGeo – Batchgeo.com • Allows users to geocode up to 250 records (free version) • Can geocode a street address or a postal code • Save as an online map or a KML GPS Visualizer – http://www.gpsvisualizer.com/geocoding.html • Allows users to geocode up to 5 records for geocoding by street address. Additional records can be geocoded with the use of an API (see API section above). No limit on geocoding postal codes • Can geocode a street address or a postal code • Need specific field headers - http://www.gpsvisualizer.com/tutorials/waypoints.html#summary • Save the map as an online map or a KML Google Fusion Tables – tables.googlelabs.com • Can geocode addresses and FSAs • Address information needs to be all in one field - Upload a CSV file to Google Fusion Tables - Change the field type to location and save - Click on File > Geocode. - Once the geocoding is done, open a new tab and select map. Ensure that you are mapping the data with the proper location column Google Sheets – https://www.google.ca/sheets/about/ • Can geocode an address. - In Google Sheets, go to Tools > Script Editor - Copy the contents of the script from this page - https://vilimpoc.org/blog/2013/07/11/google-spreadsheet- geocoding-macro/ into the script editor (replace all contents) - In the script editor, go to Publish > Test as add-on. Select the sheet in which you want to use this script - If done correctly, you’ll now have a ‘Macros’ tab in the Spreadsheet menu - Highlight the location, latitude and longitude columns for all rows that you want to geocode (location should have information entered, latitude and longitude should be empty) - Run the Macro script - unless there are problems, the lat/long fields should propagate Google/Open Refine - https://code.google.com/p/google-refine/ • Can geocode addresses - Upload your CSV (with a location column) to OpenRefine - Follow these steps: https://opensas.wordpress.com/2013/06/30/using-openrefine-to-geocode-your- data-using-google-and-openstreetmap-api/ ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 8 Google My Maps - https://www.google.com/mymaps • Plot latitude and longitude coordinates • Can plot a maximum of 2000 points CartoDB - https://cartodb.com/ • Plot latitude and longitude coordinates • Works quite well and has custom styling options (ex. choropleths, heatmaps, density hexagons, etc.) • Account needed (50mb storage limit on the free account) Mapbox • Plot latitude-longitude coordinates in CSV format • Limited custom styling options • Mapbox has a beta API to convert address text into coordinates (and vice versa) but it only will do one geocode per request: https://www.mapbox.com/developers/api/geocoding/ MangoMap • Plot latitude and longitude coordinates. • Allows various labeling and styling options. • Limited export options in the free version Desktop Tools ArcGIS • Geocode street addresses and postal codes using various methods - Locator files from Esri or DMTI - http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/desktop/latest/guide-books/ geocoding/geocoding-a-table-of-addresses-in-arcmap.htm - ArcGIS online (using credits) - http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/desktop/latest/guide-books/ geocoding/working-with-arcgis-online-geocoding-service.htm - Creating your own locator file based on a route file - Create a join with pre-existing postal code data (see geocoding datasets section above) Global Mapper • Geocode street addresses and postal code - http://globalmapper.com/helpv11/Help_MenuBarAndToolBar. html#find_address • Create a join with pre-existing postal code data (see geocoding datasets section above) QGIS • Geocode street addresses - Open QGIS and in the menu, click on plug-ins > Manage and Ins tall Plug-Ins. - Make sure to check off the box next to “mmqgis” - In the menu, click on MMQGIS > Geocode. Select either option - Geocode csv with google / open streetmap - need an api key - Geocode with street layer – uses a street file that was added to QGIS - Create a join with pre-existing postal code data (see geocoding datasets section above) Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 9 Wednesday June 17th: Conference Presentations KEYNOTE: USING SPATIAL DATA TO TELL IMPORTANT STORIES David McKie With federal, provincial and municipal governments and agencies making geographic data increasingly available, journalists have access to a wealth of information that helps them tell stories. These stories tell us about where and how people live, how governments spend money, and the locations of environmental hot spots such as contaminated sites and air pollution. Unfortunately, too few journalists know how to harness this information. Fortunately, this reality is shifting. USING MAP LABS TO MAKE OUR COLLECTION MORE ACCESSIBLE Monica Ferguson, Carleton University We’ve all experienced it – you provide materials for a reference request, the client leaves and you put everything away. Shortly after, there’s a duplicate request from someone in the same class. The penny drops and you realize you can leave the materials “on display”. Just add a course sign & description and you’ve got a Map Lab! These have been one our most popular tools for keeping our paper map collection active. An easily customizable and traditional way to offer “added value” to our university community. DON’T FADE AWAY: UTILIZING WEB MAPS TO HIGHLIGHT, REVEAL AND PROMOTE MAP LIBRARIES COLLECTIONS AND RESEARCH Daniel Brendle-Moczuk, University of Victoria In 2011 the U of T Mississauga Library created a block of 2-3 minute instructional videos to assist students using GIS software, many for the first time. Today, several of these videos have had over 30,000 views, with one video clocking in over 80,000 views! PRESCRIPTION CONSERVATION: A PREVENTATIVE AND POST REMEDY FOR USERS OF MAPS Kyla Ubbink To a collection of maps, researchers and users are like getting wisdom teeth pulled - it has to happen, but there will be suffering. Damage caused by handling, display, and scanning results in tears, lost information, staining, and in general leaves maps in poor condition. Overuse of these artifacts renders them in such a state that they cannot be viewed without crumbling, much less be digitized. No one wants to deny access to their collections because the maps are ‘on sick leave’. The remedy is Conservation Treatment, but much like choosing a course of action to cure a serious malady, there are many issues to consider. Risks and success rates must be weighed against costs and the end use of the map. When it comes to treatment, the only way to make the right decision, is to be armed with knowledge. Full length paper available on page 23 ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 10 LOST AND FO(U)ND: MAP AND VISUAL LITERACY IN THE ARCHIVES Rosa Orlandini, York University Have you ever looked at a photo and wondered where it was taken? Have used an interactive map to browse historical photos, letters, newspaper articles, or pamphlets? Have you ever thought: wouldn’t it be great if we could do something like that at my institution? Or help instructors implement this in their courses? Online technologies and platforms such as Google Earth, History Pin, Neatline for Omeka, make it easy to display the geographic location of digital objects. In addition, libraries and archives with digital collection platforms such as DSpace or Islandora can enhance their metadata by including geographic coordinates of digital objects. But there is a catch…the challenge is determining the geographic location of a photo (or objects) and to do it precisely and accurately. For several years, the Map and GIS Librarian at York University has partnered with archivists at the Clara Thomas Archives and Special collections, to geo-locate several their fonds. Using examples from the Clara Thomas Archives and Special Collections, this presentation will challenge you to look for critically at digital objects (such as landscape photos) and look for clues that can be used to “geolocate” the objects. The presentation will discuss the core set of information, visual, and map literacy skills that are required to geo-locate objects; provide suggestions on types of information sources that can be used to geo-locate objects, and highlight the role and expertise of a Map/GIS/ information professionals in geo-location projects. FACILITATING INTERPRETATION: THE USER’S EXPERIENCE OF LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA’S EARLY CARTOGRAPHY COLLECTION Sara Viinalass-Smith, Library and Archives Canada Library and Archives Canada’s (LAC) early cartography collection dates back to the founding of the Archives Branch of the Department of Agriculture in 1872. It is an impressive collection, today composed of more than 60,000 maps, plans, and charts of national significance. This collection of historical cartographic records provides a comprehensive visual context for the nation’s geographic, economic, political, scientific, social and cultural development from early exploration to confederation. The question is, how can users “read” these graphic and quantitative representations of Canadian history? FROM OPEN DATA TO ONLINE EXHIBITS: MAPPING CANADA’S HISTORY WITH OMEKA Nancy Lemay, University of Ottawa Sarah Simpkin, University of Ottawa This past spring, University of Ottawa librarians partnered with a uOttawa history professor and curator from the Canadian Science and Technology Museum to explore how fourth year history students could learn how to make use of open datasets, curate cultural collections, and geocode their artifacts. Assignments in the course were focused on the creation of online exhibits using Omeka. This open source content management system allows users to build complex narratives and share rich collections, all while adhering to Dublin Core metadata standards. Catalogue records from the Museum’s collection of geographic survey markers were ingested into Omeka as a starting point for the student exhibits. In this presentation, we will discuss our process for extracting this information from the original XML file, enhancing the records with geospatial information, and working with Omeka. We will also discuss Neatline, an Omeka extension that provides support for highly interactive map-based exhibits. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 11 L’EXPÉDITION COPPERMINE DE JOHN FRANKLIN: DE L’AVENTURE CARTOGRAPHIQUE À L’AVENTURE ÉDITORIALE Joë Bouchard, Laval University Le conférencier fait une mise en contexte du développement de la collection de sources documentaires fondatrices en études nordiques à la Bibliothèque de l’Université Laval, dans laquelle les documents cartographiques occupent une place de choix, et situe l’ouvrage lié à la première expédition de John Franklin dans cet ensemble. Il relate les grands événements de l’expédition Coppermine (1819-1922) et présente les caractéristiques physiques du livre de 1823 Narrative of A Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea en s’intéressant au travail de l’éditeur John Murray. Les cartes géographiques retiennent particulièrement l’attention, non seulement pour leur contenu, mais aussi pour leur forte valeur symbolique. L’importance de la mise en valeur de ce type de documents par les bibliothécaires est mise de l’avant. Thursday June 18th: Conference Presentations LEVERAGING LOCATION FOR GREATER IMPACT AND ENGAGEMENT Paul Steeves, United Way Ottawa United Ways around the world are evolving in response to changing demographics, increased demand for social services and donors who want evidence of the impact of their investment. Using spatial analysis, compelling visuals and expansive data, United Way’s can create a tangible foundation for strategic decision making and in-turn, inform and drive collective community impact. AERIAL ORTHO-MOSAICS AT THE CITY OF OTTAWA Stephen Perkins, City of Ottawa This presentation will examine the images on the City of Ottawa’s geoOttawa web site. More specifically, it will look at how individual images are prepared for display in the geo-referenced frame. For years, the local municipality has systematically flown and captured aerial images of the Ottawa area. Additionally, since the 1920s, aerial reconnaissance has captured the landscape from above. With these images, continuous seamless geo-referenced images are created and displayed within GIS software and on-line. The creation of these images seem trivial, however, there is an art and science to the preparation and presentation of these aerial images. This will include a discussion of ortho-rectification, mosaicing, blending, seamlines and dodging. A COLLABORATION TO REPRESENT CHILD POVERTY IN WINNIPEG Cynthia Dietz, University of Manitoba To enhance the capacity of the libraries to offer tutorials and workshops in multimedia object creation, the participation of technicians, librarians and researchers across the two UM campuses and within the greater community was solicited on a pilot project on poverty. In the first collaboration undertaken, discovery of and access to data from the national Community Data Program, the City of Winnipeg, and uncatalogued UM datasets was made. Poverty was selected as the pilot’s topic since UM plans to offer an interdisciplinary ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 12 program on Human Rights, and since poverty is a current and growing problem here and across Canada. Researchers with little or no GIS experience but with a wealth of expertise on poverty joined in the collaboration. In Winnipeg, many children 17 years and younger are living in poverty or extreme poverty. By census tract, trends in child poverty, as indicated by LIM-AT, are presented between 2005 and 2012. The distribution, concentrations, and geographic clustering of child poverty are analyzed for children in general, for Aboriginal children, racialized children and children of recent immigrants. Other indicators that may co-occur with poverty are presented by neighborhood, as well. They include social and material neighbourhood deprivation, health indicators, median shelter costs and change over time, housing tenure by type, housing condition and suitability, patterns of residential tenure and migrancy, percentage of lone-parent households and median highest educational attainment. Neighborhoods where indicators are improving are discussed, as are opportunities for other neighborhoods. KEEPING AN EYE ON OUR HISTORICAL TOPOS!: A COLLABORATIVE OCUL GEO PROJECT Colleen Beard, Brock University Jay Brodeur, McMaster University Amber Leahey, Scholars Portal Sarah Simpkin, University of Ottawa In Ontario, the OCUL Geo Community has embarked on a project to digitize topographic maps of Ontario located in the collections of member libraries. As part of this project these maps will be digitized, georeferenced, described using standard metadata, and made available through online platforms such as Scholars GeoPortal. In order to do this, the Geo Community must make decisions about the appropriate digitization and georeferencing practices for these maps, which are modern (twentieth century), accurate, government-produced maps. This project has facilitated discussion around accuracy needs, tool availability, metadata, staff resources, and the trade-offs that must be made . These discussions have provided some interesting insights and ideas about the importance of georeferencing of digitized collections, to meet both research needs and library needs for web-based discovery systems. This discussion will provide an overview of current practices in Ontario libraries, and suggest potential unmet needs and opportunities for collaboration. Full length paper available on page 19 PEER REVIEW AND EVALUATION: THE FUTURE OF THE ACMLA BULLETIN Deena Yanofsky, McGill University Since the appearance of the first scientific journals more than 300 years ago, peer review has been a formal part of scientific communication. Today, the peer review system results in over 1.5 million scholarly articles published each year and is fundamental to the appropriate validation of scientific findings. Because it indicates that research has been eva luated by an independent panel of experts in the field, peer review is also an important consideration for membership in the scholarly community. Drawing inspiration from well-established peer review journals in library and information sciences, I will present selected best practices (and possible topics) for a special peer review edition of the ACMLA Bulletin, the association’s scholarly journal, which will be published in Spring/Summer 2016 in celebration of the association’s 50th anniversary. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 13 STUDENT PAPER - CAPITALIST CARTOGRAPHY: ROAD MAPPING IN INTERWAR CANADA Jeff Allen, University of Toronto Road maps do not only show people how to get from A to B; they also include capitalist messages that have the power to influence and persuade. This was especially true in Canada during the interwar period (1919-1939), which was a time of soaring private automobile ownership and road construction, and with this, an increasing use of road maps. At their surface, road maps provided motorists with useful geographic and navigational information. At closer observation, businesses and governments used road maps as devices to advance capitalism. They did this in three ways: they used maps to advertise products and ventures, they incorporated information in maps to promote auto travel, and they used strategic cartographic design to persuade travel along certain routes and to certain destinations. These practices evolved over the interwar period and by mid-century they were ubiquitous in Canadian road mapping. Full length paper available on page 37 TWINE: GAMING TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING AT THE UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH’S DATA RESOURCE CENTRE Meg Miller, MLIS student, Western University Teresa Lewitzky, University of Guelph The Data Resource Centre (DRC) at the University of Guelph helps undergraduate and graduate students, staff and faculty of all disciplines find and make use of a wide range of data. We are able to provide our users with direct support through appointments, workshops and guest lectures but we felt that our patrons could also benefit from independent study options. Creating engaging learning objects has long been a part of our mandate. We needed to find some way to repurpose educational video modules created by team members into a more current and interactive format. The solution to our quest appeared with Twine (an open source program that allows the author to create text based ‘choose-your-own-adventure’ type modules) after a meeting on using gaming technology in education. Once created, these modules are then exported as .html files with minimal programming knowledge required for their development. The platform is very robust and allows for different media types (video, PowerPoint presentations, web-maps, and images) to be embedded directly into the modules. Because these modules are non-linear, it is possible for the user to have a more customized experience based on their needs. We are currently implementing Twine modules into the Data Resource Centre’s service model. DEVELOPING A HISTORICAL GIS PARTNERSHIP IN CANADA Colleen Beard, Brock university Larry Laliberté, University of Alberta Scholarship using Historical Geographic Information Systems (HGIS) involves labour-intensive data preparation before advanced spatial analysis or visualization of patterns can be achieved. However, once these data are “made spatial”, and an infrastructure built for their on-line dissemination, they can be used by other scholars anywhere, over and over again. There are enormous financial and scholarly benefits to sharing historical spatial data but as yet no suitable frameworks exist in Canada to permit or facilitate the re-use of these resources. This project aims to consolidate efforts to build this framework, and bring efficiency and economies of scale to these endeavours. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 14 Building on the idea first presented at Carto 2013 in Edmonton, by Marcel Fortin and Byron Moldofsky from U of Toronto, this presentation will recap noteworthy developments and outline the plans and possibilities moving forward. LEVERAGING SUPPORT THROUGH SPATIAL LITERACY INSTRUCTION Francine Berish, Queen’s University Increasing reliance on data visualization and emerging disciplines the digital humanities reflect the growing popularity of using large datasets and geographic information systems (GIS) to demonstrate outcomes. While it is increasingly common to see GIS used across disciplines by researchers, GIS and geospatial data may be less known among library staff. The Scholars GeoPortal, ArcGIS Online and other web-based mapping alternatives afford an incredible opportunity for beginner GIS users to visualize and explore spatial data, perform simple analyses, and create maps that can be easily shared without downloading software. While these technologies have been leveraged by students, the potential to educate staff and improve spatial literacy is vast. “A Very Spatial Data Session” was designed for giving library staff an introductory understanding of GIS, spatial data and to prepare staff to recognize questions as geospatial in nature. This workshop aims to describe the level and content covered in “A Very Spatial Data Session” as well as demonstrate the context in which staff sessions can be used to leverage support. Friday June 19th: Conference Presentations AN INTRODUCTION TO DATAVERSE Larry Laliberté, University of Alberta Dataverse is an open source web application to share, preserve, cite, explore and analyze research data. It facilitates making data available to others, and allows researchers, data authors, publishers, data distributors, and affiliated institutions to receive appropriate credit. The benefits of using Dataverse, include sharing data easily with other researchers that does not involve the use of email or Dropbox, providing a simplified approach to entering project-level metadata, minting DOIs for data files that can be used in publications, managing multiple versions of data files, and organizing data to submit for its long term preservation. 3D PRINTING GEOSPATIAL DATA: AN INTRODUCTION Tomasz Mrozewski, Laurentian University This paper will investigate the application of 3D printing processes to GIS data in the context of an academic library. As 3D printing becomes more accessible to a broad audience, it is now being used in conjunction with GIS data by industry, academia and amateur Makers. This paper shall focus on practices emergent in Maker discourse, much of which is easily and freely accessible online and is generally accessible to the novice user; it shall also discuss emerging applications in academia and industry. This paper will compare the processes of working from DEMs and from contour lines, and discuss implications of data scale for the printed output. It shall review software and data transformation requirements, as well as printing devices. Conscious of budgetary constraints facing libraries today, emphasis shall be given to free and/or open software and data sources, as well as tools likely to be available to academic institutions such as Esri’s ArcGIS software. The end goal of this paper is to develop a set of instructions or guidelines for creating print-ready 3D models from GIS data in the context of an academic library, drawing on the author’s own experiences. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 15 CONFERENCE PHOTOS Photos courtesy of Jon Morgan ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 16 Top photo, courtesy of Stefano Biondo; centre and bottom photos courtesy of Jon Morgan Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 17 ICE BREAKER Tuesday June 16th Photos courtesy of Jon Morgan ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 18 BANQUET Thursday June 18th Signatures Restaurant at the Cordon Bleu Photos courtesy of Jon Morgan Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 19 CONFERENCE PAPER ONTARIO’S HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHIC MAP DIGITIZATION PROJECT Colleen Beard, Brock University Jay Brodeur, McMaster University Sharon Janzen, Brock University Amber Leahey, Scholars Portal, OCUL Sarah Simpkin, University of Ottawa INTRODUCTION This conference report summarizes the Ontario Council of University Libraries (OCUL) Geo Community’s project to digitize early 20th century historical topographic maps. The presentation was made to the CARTO Conference 2015, held in June in Ottawa, Canada. The project, distributed across several Ontario university libraries, will add approximately 800 maps to our collective digital holdings, including ~615 map sheets from the 1:63,360 national topographic map series, all of which are in the public domain, and ~177 map sheets from the 1:25,000 national topographic map series, representing the subset that is currently in the public domain (a total of approximately 621 Ontario sheets exist in this series). Topographic maps at these scales are heavily used by researchers interested in examining changes over time (urban sprawl, transportation patterns, diminishing woodlots, shoreline erosion, etc.) Access to the older series is uneven across institutions, but our ability to leverage the OCUL Scholars GeoPortal platform (http://geo.scholarsportal. info) and existing equipment at our institutions will allow us to share our digitized and georeferenced maps with the public at large. Funding from OCUL ($32,000 - January 2015 to April 2017) is allowing us to cover student staffing costs and those associated with wear and tear on existing equipment. This distributed project takes advantage of online collaboration tools such as Google Sheets, which allows us to manage a master list of the known maps across institutions, as well as the current status of each item. Institutions will be able to contribute by scanning maps, adding their holdings to the inventory, providing georeferencing support, and creating metadata for the records. Overall, our goal is to create and provide access to a high quality, consistent digital collection that preserves historical topographic information and meets the needs of current and future users. It is our understanding that a national strategy for preservation of these maps is required and we hope that this will assist with continued efforts in this area. WORKFLOWS, SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS The current project workflow and its associated specifications and standards reflect efforts to achieve the aforementioned goals in a setting where groups from differing institutions will be working collaboratively on various processing steps. The project workflow (Figure 1) outlines the processes required to develop high quality digital products for end-users; these include steps to digitize, describe, georeference and transform the material, as well as those to coordinate processes and provide quality control and assurance. Given the distributed and collaborative nature of this project, it is critically important that clear standards and common processes be developed to ensure that products are consistent and of a high quality. As a part of this work, a thorough scanner comparison and georeferencing investigation was undertaken, with the aim of identifying and characterizing sources of variation and errors, and subsequently develop standards, workflows and QA procedures to mitigate such issues. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 20 In the scanner comparison test, five institutions provided a digitized version of the same map sheet (identical sheet number and year of publication; different physical copy) for observation. The submitted images were digitized using a variety of sheet-fed and overhead photography scanners, collected at resolutions varying between 300 and 600 points per inch (ppi). Results of the comparison (https://goo.gl/f7R1zu) revealed substantial colour variation between the scanned images, which were attributed to one or a combination of the following influences: a) variation in the condition of the maps; b) inherent differences in the methods’ colour output; and, c) post-scan filters that were applied by the scanning software. Additionally, considerable differences in image clarity at high zoom were apparent (https://goo.gl/laOhWF), which reflected the varying scanning resolution. In order to minimize the sources of variation in scanned images, a number of recommendations were developed: • Good quality paper maps should be selected for digitization, wherever possible; • Colour calibration and QA procedures will be standardized, using a common calibration target and well-defined processes; • Maps will be digitized at 600 ppi resolution, with 24-bit colour depth; The purpose of the georeferencing tests was to establish appropriate input requirements for georeferencing by balancing the need for accuracy with the associated time commitments and staff resources at the libraries. In this exploration, the number of ground control points (GCPs) and the transformation model type (1st, 2nd, 3rd order polynomial) were varied to understand their effect on accuracy for a number of georeferenced maps. Results showed that a second order polynomial provided considerable benefits over a first-order model, and that generally, 8 to 12 GCPs were required to maximize accuracy (https://goo.gl/Fta7ly). When Figure 1. The Project Workflow Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 21 time requirements were considered, results showed that this approach would require approximately 15 minutes of work per sheet (https://goo. gl/192ZA2) -- an acceptable commitment given the resources that are available to the project. Moving forward, it is envisioned that collaborators at different institutions will participate by downloading the high quality digitized maps from servers at Scholars GeoPortal, and then building and uploading the GCP file for each image. This approach minimizes data transfer requirements, and allows for transformations to be carried out (and re-applied, if necessary) at a single location using a “batch” process. METADATA CONSIDERATIONS As we embark on this project to digitize historical topographic paper maps held in our collections, we are providing standard metadata to describe and preserve the inherent descriptive and historical information about the paper maps, as well as describe the processes and steps taken to transform and digitize these resources for use in GIS. Describing the data so that users have a greater sense of the provenance, that is - where these data come from and how they were created, is important for our libraries. Additionally, we are especially interested in improving access to these data online, and the creation of standards-based granular metadata enables that. Today, the most common standard for the description of geospatial data is the ISO - 19115 standard for geographic information. It is heavily used by government and data producers in Canada and internationally, with the Government of Canada formally adopting the standard in 2012. The OCUL Scholars GeoPortal is a project that aims to bring together all digital data holdings into a shared portal. A shared metadata repository and metadata editor enables the description of data for the collection, using the ISO - 19115 North American Profile (NAP) metadata standard. Today, this NAP editor and metadata repository host over 2000 metadata records consisting of over 1000 shared metadata records, and over 1000 metadata records from the University of Toronto’s local Map and Data Library (MDL) collections. To facilitate the integration of metadata in various formats from data producers and other collections over time, the use of metadata crosswalks including FGDC to ISO 19115, and a local crosswalk, have been developed. Currently, the digitization project members are collecting metadata in a shared google spreadsheet and these data will be the basis for a metadata migration project. We will be developing the metadata crosswalk and determining best practises for the description of these data throughout the project lifecycle, utilizing current infrastructure and practises that have been established by the community to date. With the creation of rich, descriptive, and granular metadata we will hopefully improve access to these valuable library resources. ACCESS (…and then they were seamless – in quest of perfecting discovery!) Although various tools are being explored for the project, we presented the options for georeferencing and image analysis using ArcMap. Setting the ArcMap workspace for georeferencing was presented as being an important first step to any georeferencing project. This includes setting the datum and coordinate system to reflect the original map; selection of an accurate control; using a high quality 600 ppi raster image; and utilizing the Image Viewer to view raster and control layers in separate windows. The ideal number of control points required to georeference the historical topographic maps is dependent on the transformation that is desired. Concepts about residual error and how these relate to the different transformation types were discussed. It was suggested that at least the four known coordinates at the map corners be used. Although the spline transformation requiring 10 control points seems to be a slightly better fit to the Earth’s surface, it is difficult to justify the added effort for overall modest difference. The rectification specifications for creating a GeoTiff were also outlined. ArcMap provides several options for adjusting or enhancing the image quality. Achieving the best results concurred with ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 22 georeferencing test findings (see Standards), by applying: the cubic convolution resample type, which sharpens the image; jpg compression at 100, which reduces the image file size up to ¼ of the original but at the expense of some quality. It is recommended that reducing the file size for downloading purposes is best achieved using the resampling tool offered in the suite of ArcMap tools. As well, applying enhancements to image quality can also be achieved using the Image Analysis options within ArcMap. Creating an image display of georeferenced maps is one of the ultimate objectives in any digitization project with serial parts. The criteria to be considered in such a display is a platform; seamless display; but providing the map in its entirety (i.e. including the map collar); providing map overlay with transparency option; and image download. Two website examples were discussed that display the U.S. topo series with varying options. The USGS Historical Topographic Map Explorer (http:// historicalmaps.arcgis.com/usgs) designed by Esri provides a seamless map overlay with transparency. However, image download (with collar) is offered as geopdf only – not ideal for reuse in a GIS platform. Whereas the USGS TopoView (http://ngmdb.usgs. gov/maps/TopoView/viewer) offers multiple file formats for download (jpeg, kmz, geopdf, geotiff) and enhanced search options, but no seamless map display. A portal using a combination of both these sites is ideal. Brock has experimented with image display options using ArcMap, achieving some success. Georeferenced topographic maps are stored in a mosaic dataset - a data model within the geodatabase used to manage a collection of raster images. In brief, the steps to creating a seamless display in ArcMap involve creating footprints – a manual method for virtually cropping the map to its neatline. This method preserves the map in its entirety (with collar) but displays only the content defined by the footprint. The new map document, which appears seamless, can be shared in ArcGIS Online (AGOL) as an image service – a publishing process that takes place within the desktop platform. Although this process consumes Esri organizational credits for caching and storage, the cost is minimal. Global sharing and convenient access via ArcMap desktop are key advantages of AGOL (Brock has used this procedure for many of its digitized map and air photo collections). Brock has also added seamless displays to its local data listing, including a download option for individual geotiff map images (http://www.brocku. ca/maplibrary/digital/Niagara-NTS-63k.php). CONCLUSION The research and standards presented here highlight the ongoing considerations of OCUL libraries in undertaking a large map digitization project. Get in touch! Sarah Simpkin (sarah.simpkin@uottawa.ca), Jay Brodeur (brodeujj@mcmaster.ca), Amber Leahey (amber.leahey@utoronto.ca), Colleen Beard (cbeard@brocku.ca), Sharon Janzen (sjanzen@ brocku.ca) Special thanks to the OCUL Geo Community especially Cheryl Woods and Eva Dodsworth, who are actively involved in this project, as well as McMaster University summer students Victoria Balkwill Tweedie and Katie Maloney for their hard work and assistance. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 23 CONFERENCE PAPER PRESCRIPTION CONSERVATION: A PREVENTATIVE AND POST REMEDY FOR USERS OF MAPS Kyla Ubbink Ubbink Book and Paper Conservation Clients, researchers, students, and in general the people who use map collections are the driving force for the existence of such collections; and yet, are also the destructive force that renders maps unusable. These users listen to advice about wearing gloves, using weights to hold maps open, being cautious not to tear or soil the artifacts; but before long there is a coffee cup holding down a corner of a 150year old map, an open pen sprawled across the surface, non-gloved- donut holding hands leaning on the legend, and a big watch about to catch an edge causing a ripping sound that runs chills down the spine. After time, the benign user instils the same sense of dread as epidemic bird flu or West-Nile virus. The more maps are handled the worse they become. Creases and abrasions develop into tears, and the tears propagate becoming losses. Dirt and debris accumulates, stains are inadvertently added and before long these products of deterioration are eating away at the paper fibres and rendering the information illegible. At some point the poor state of the most heavily used portions of the collection becomes unavoidably noticeable. Users, although they originally caused the damage, are now afraid of handling the maps at all, find it too difficult to work with them, and ultimately seek out other sources. The dedicated professional archivist or librarian takes out their first aid kit, and administers, as best as possible, repair tapes and glues to ease the suffering of the maps. These tactics can provide short-term relief, but are literally a band-aid solution to an injury much more serious then a boo-boo and if applied improperly can lead to staining, stress and additional tears. The other remedy a good collections care-taker administers is to digitize the collection. Certainly this solves many problems, and eliminates the need for users to handle the maps at all. However, the act of digitizing maps requires that the maps are in at least a useable condition, which means not crumbling, cracking, or disintegrating. Whether the maps will be put through the rigors of a roll-scanner or sucked onto a wall to have their picture taken for digitization, they are going to be exposed to the pathogens of excess use and will suffer greatly if they are not stable to begin with. Conservation treatment offers the most effective remedies to the plagues unleashed by users and can also be applied to prepare maps for digitization. Like physicians, conservators are prone to using all sorts of technical sounding language like chemical stabilization, de-acidification, and casting. Sometimes what a conservator thinks is very obvious and illustrative language is not so descriptive regarding the actual treatment a map will undergo (Figure 1). The best prescription to remedy the brittleness, yellowing, and deterioration due to ingrained dirt and exposure to atmospheric pollutants; as well as, inherent pollutants introduced during manufacturing, is washing. Submersing the maps in repeated baths of water with the addition of a mild anionic detergent and calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide removes ingrained dirt and neutralizes acidic pollutants. During this process the damaged cellulose molecules of the paper will reconnect with itself effectively healing the damage returning suppleness. Removing the dirt renders a brighter and whiter paper with higher contrast and definition which results in better digital copies. Worse than pollutants introduced through the atmosphere and handling, old forms of repair tapes contain products that eat away at the paper fibres. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 24 Figure 1 – Before and After Treatment of a Map Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 25 Although these ‘band-aids’ have kept all of the pieces of the map together and saved them from suffering massive loss, they need to be remove as soon as possible. This part of treatment happens before the bathing, unless fortune smiles and the tape happens to be water soluble and will float off during the wet treatment. Testing and experience guides a conservator on how to approach any type of tape removal. The type of plastic, adhesive and it’s state of deterioration will determine whether it will be removed through mechanical process like peeling and scraping, if it can be heated to soften the adhesive, or if chemicals, including acetone and Heptane will be applied. It is important to remove deteriorating tape before it crosslinks with the paper and can no longer be removed leaving dark amber coloured staining Figure 2 – Removal of Plastic Tape with Heptane and eventually eating through the paper (Figure 2). Conservation uses two methods to repair tears which will not cause future damage. Tears can be repaired ‘locally’ by adhering a strip of Japanese paper to the verso of the map with wheat starch paste. The repair strip of paper acts like tape to hold the two sides together, but the wheat starch paste adhesive will not discolour or eat at the map and the Japanese paper moves with the map. When faced with multiple tears in one map the most effective method of repair is to back or line the entire map with cotton cloth, canvas, or paper, also adhered with wheat starch paste. Lining is not a new concept; most maps were originally line with cotton or linen cloth to provide extra strength and durability. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 26 Lining occurs while the map is still wet from bathing. If the map was originally lined with a cloth backing that is now torn through, the original backing and the adhesives are removed. The wet map is supported on plastic while all of the tears are aligned, then the map is ‘locked’ in place by a non-adhere facing of polyester release material. The map is placed face down, wheat starch paste is applied to the verso, the lining material is laid over the map and then smoothed with sponges followed by rolling with a brayer. Maps are dried by pressing between blotting paper or on stretchers like those used for canvas paintings or blank Japanese Byobu screens (Figure 3). Figure 3 – Steps to Lining a Map with Linen Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 27 When caring for have a very large collection on a limited budget, it may not be feasible to give every map this kind of full stabilization treatment. Minimal treatment can be the compromise that makes the collection stable enough to be handled and digitized, while still accommodating the resources available. Minimal treatment is exactly as it sounds, doing the absolute least possible to just repair tears locally so that the map can be handled without losing information. This level of treatment does not stabilize or preserve a map. It does not remove dirt or products of deterioration, the map does not come out brighter with higher definition, and it is not rendered supple or made easy to handle. There are times when all a map requires is a few tear repairs and maybe securing lifting paper to its cloth backing, and then there are times when the solution is to find a happy medium between minimal treatment and stabilization such as surface cleaning, removing tape, repairing tears, humidification and flattening, but not washing or re-backing. The opposite of minimal treatment is restoration treatment. Restoration focuses on long term preservation and stabilization, as well as, the aesthetic qualities of the map. Restoration will always begin with the stabilization processes of cleaning, washing, removing tape and repairing tears; then takes the next steps to remedy stains, in-fill losses, recreate lost media and return colour. The success rate of stain reduction and removal is usually somewhere between 60% and 99%; meaning that stains and discolourations can be improved upon, but never 100% completely removed. There will always be some slight hint or shadow of the stain left. A conservator will provide some idea as to what extent a stain can be reversed based on what caused the stain or discolouration, spot testing and experience. Oft times the washing process will satisfactorily reduce stains and discolouration, but variety of bleaches are also employed to remove foxing spots, mould stains, tidemarks caused by flooding and spilt liquids, light damage, and yellowing caused by acidic framing and housing materials. The newer the stain, easier and more effectively removed (Figure 4). Figure 4 – Before and After Full Restoration Treatment ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 28 Lost paper and material can be in-filled with paper, carefully chosen to match the weight, texture, and colour of the map. In-fills are dyed with watercolour paint to obtain as close a colour as possible. Watercolour paints are used to recreate any lost highlighting or original colouring that has faded or worn away on a map. Actually recreating lost text is a subject to be deeply considered. No matter how carefully done, it is never going to match the original exactly. Rejoining lines, and touching up small areas of the title and larger text can be done without it becoming distracting, however, no one is ever going to match the finest of the engraving printing techniques, even using the smallest tipped pen and greatest care. Choosing what to do when is probably the hardest task of all. A conservator can provide guidance, indicating what is necessary and what can wait, what success rates of treatment will be like and what precautions should be taken post treatment. The decision is ultimately that of the caretaker. The choices made will affect the longevity of the map collections, determining whether or not they will be accessible to users and if they can be successfully digitized. Discussions with conservators are of the utmost importance. Conservators need to know how the maps will be used, if it is for research, long term preservation, exhibit, or digitization, so that together, an appropriate course of action can be taken to meet the needs of the collection, it’s users, and fits within a budget. That leads to another challenge, finding a conservator. The Canadian Association for Professional Conservators offers the only accreditation process in Canada, but it is not mandatory and anyone can call themselves a conservator. The CAPC does provide a directory of its members, and one can be comforted by the fact that those listed have undergone a peer review process meeting a standard of technical abilities and practice within the code of ethics. Asking colleagues and using online searches are also avenues to take when seeking out a conservator. Bid processes are the best way to compare prices, and can also be used to compare the other qualities of a conservator. Setting up a point system based on experience, continued professional development, membership in professional organizations, references, and proposed treatments, as well as pricing, is an excellent way to ensure the best value for the money invested. Users of maps will always cause anxiety for caretakers and put the condition of a collection in jeopardy. No matter how many preventative measures are in place, handling maps results in damage and renders them in a less than “healthy” state. Even the noble act of digitization to prevent excessive use and increase accessibility is going to cause damage. The only remedy is to apply conservation treatment. Stabilization treatment repairs damage and provides long term protection, restoration returns maps to a newer state, and minimal treatment is short term relief preventing the current tears and cracks from getting worse. Choose a conservator wisely, and rest at ease, knowing that although users will be a plague upon the collection, there is a cure at hand. Accredited with the Canadian Association for Professional Conservators, Kyla Ubbink specializes in the treatment of books and paper artefacts and the preservation of archival collections. With a diploma in Museum Studies in 2000, Mrs. Ubbink began her career in the field of paper and archival conservation fulfilling contracts in the Library and Archives Canada’s Conservation Laboratories. In 2005, Mrs. Ubbink established her own business, Ubbink Book & Paper Conservation, providing professional conservation, restoration and preservation consultation services to institutions, galleries, antiquities dealers, collectors, researchers and genealogists. Mrs. Ubbink is also a part time professor of cultural preservation for Algonquin College’s Archives and Records Management Program, has publications in professional periodicals, and provides workshops and lectures for community groups and heritage professionals. Visit www.bookandpaperconservation. com for more information on Mrs. Ubbink and Ubbink Book and Paper Conservation. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 29 ACMLA Awards The ACMLA Executive was honoured to recognize two individuals and one entity for their outstanding contributions to the Association of Canadian Map Library and Archives. Winners were announced and recognized during the Carto 2015 Banquet. Certificate of Appreciation The Atlas of Canada, Royal Canadian Geographical Society Certificate of Appreciation was awarded to the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for its Atlas of Canada (2014) published by Harper Collins. The Certificate of Appreciation is awarded to a corporate entity (or individual) responsible for the generation or production of traditional or digital map and spatial products and specifically, for leadership and exemplary conduct in reducing barriers to those products; for excellence in the production of such products, or for innovation in documentation, metadata, user guides and other means of making those products better and more easily used. Nominations may be made by any ACMLA member in good standing, or by the ACMLA Awards Committee, and should be accompanied by a brief explanation of the nomination, signed by two ACMLA members. I would like to nominate the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for this certificate. The Atlas of Canada, published in 2014, by HarperCollins in conjunction with The Royal Canadian Geographical Society is the first atlas published in many years that highlights Canada to such an extent. As per the description on the Canadian Geographic website, the atlas includes: 45 pages of fully up-to-date reference maps; 20 pages of historical maps; 56 pages of thematic mapping and graphics; over 275 photos and 15 digitally enhanced satellite images and 156 pages of commentary, maps and photographs on each province and territory. The table of contents is extensive and covers: history, physical geography, natural environment, climate, population, resources, economy, provinces and territories, reference maps and a commentary by Derek Hayes about Canada’s future. The index to the reference maps, at the end of the atlas is very inclusive. The inside of the front and back covers feature basic information about each province and territory and portray keys to map pages within the atlas. In addition to this high quality atlas, the Society has been producing comprehensive regional and thematic maps of Canada for decades. Cartographic collections across the country hold these maps and provide access to them to a wide variety of users for their research. The Society also offers support through educational programs and grants to advance geographic education. Their digital presence with the Canadian Atlas Online is another innovative resource tool for all ages. Members of the Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives wish to acknowledge the cartographic production excellence of The Royal Canadian Geographical Society with this certificate and encourage them to continue to map Canada’s landscape. Cheryl Woods, Western University Jennifer Marvin, University of Guelph Teresa Lewitzky, University of Guelph ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 30 Cathy Moulder Paper Award The Cathy Moulder Paper Award is awarded to an individual who has researched, written and published a paper of significant value in the ACMLA Bulletin. The paper is considered for its solid contribution to map librarianship, curatorship or archiveship Award Recipient : Barbara Znamirowski Article Title : A New View from Space: Making TERRASAR-X Data Accessible to the Canadian Research Community ACMLA Bulletin Number: 148, Fall 2014 ACMLA Student Paper Award The Student Paper Award is awarded to a student from Canada or studying in Canada currently enrolled in a post-secondary institution (college or university) who has written an original paper related to the interests of the ACMLA. Primary consideration for the award is given to the essay’s originality and its contribution to new knowledge and inight in GIS or cartography. Other considerations include the author’s demonstration of the relevance of the subject, the quality of the presentation and documentation, and the literary merits of the essay. Award Recipient : Jeff Allen, University of Toronto Student Paper Title : Capitalist Cartography: Road Mapping in Interwar Canada Jeff’s winning paper is printed on page 37 Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 31 Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives / Association des Cartothèques et Archives Cartographiques du Canada ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING In Ottawa, ON Morisset Hall, Room 218, 65 University Private Thursday, June 18, 2015 Present: R. Bartlett (Carleton); C. Beard (Brock); F. Berish (Queens); S. Biondo (Laval); d. Brendle-Moczuk (Victoria); J. Brodeur (McMaster); C. Dietz (Manitoba); D. Duda (Memorial); A. Guindon (Concordia); S. Hanratty (UNB); D. Jakubek (Ryerson); D. Jones (Alberta); L. Laliberte (Alberta); A. Leahey (Scholar’s Portal); P. LeBlanc (Ottawa); T. Lewitzky (Guelph); M. Miller (Western); L. Mitchell (Lakehead); T. Mrozewski (Laurentian); R. Orlandini (York); V. Pow (Alberta); S. Quin (Guelph); J. Rivard (Carleton); K. Schultz (British Columbia); S. Simpkin (Ottawa); S. Sunstrum (Carleton); D. Yanofsky (McGill); B. Znamirowski (Trent) 1.0 Establishment of Quorum; Call to Order Quorum was established. The meeting was called to order at 12:25 p.m. 2.0 Opening Remarks from the President ACMLA-ACACC R. Orlandini went through the agenda and then introduced the current executive: S. Hanratty (1st VP), D. Yanofsky (2nd VP), R. Bartlett (Treasurer); and D Duda (Past President). C. Lundrigan (Secretary) could not be here this year so D. Duda will be taking the minutes for the AGM. 3.0 Approval of Agenda The agenda was accepted as is. 4.0 Approval of Minutes from the Annual General Meeting of 2014 D. Jones moved to accept the minutes as is – seconded by S. Sunstrum. Passed. 5.0 Business Arising From the Annual General Meeting of 2014 National Topographic Map Inventory S. Hanratty reminded attendees that at last year’s AGM the concept of a member-driven task force dealing with the national topographic map inventory was discussed. Such a task force was not organised as a result of the conversation; however, it remains an option for those interested in pursuing it. Future Conferences S. Hanratty then discussed future conferences and the challenge of getting a commitment to host the event. S. Biondo asked why a commitment one to two years in advance cannot be obtained to make it a bit easier for the local arrangements people to plan. S. Hanratty replied that there are a number of reasons including that it is often difficult for members to get a commitment from their University Librarian to support an event more than one year away. R. Orlandini added that for some years it was easier to get a longer term commitment but now some regions have fewer members in the organization. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 32 S. Hanratty suggested that we might want to consider changing the general model of hosting. She proposed that perhaps instead of trying to alternate among the regions evenly we might need to host the conference in Ontario and Québec more frequently than in the past. V. Pow felt that it would not matter if the conference was held more often in Central Canada since the majority of the membership was from that region. D. Jones added that the site was more important than the region – we need a place to host the event. S. Biondo asked if we might consider meeting with other groups every five years and outside of Canada. D. Yanofsky responded that this was a good idea and it should be looked into it further. D. Duda let the membership know that the Society for the History of Discovery is interested in coming to Canada and might be interested in meeting with us. He also mentioned how budgets are becoming a major issue again and University Librarians cringe at being ask to host such events. C. Dietz suggests that a brain storming session take place to discuss all of these interesting suggestions. S. Hanratty agreed that this was a good idea but we could also better utilize our LISTSERV list with this discussion and encouraged the members to do so. 6.0 President’s Report The full report is on the ACMLA-ACACC website. R.Orlandini reported that this has been a transitional year for the executive and organization with the new by-laws and regulations being in place. The framework for our future is now set. The new executive will be presented to the membership later in the meeting. Members will notice that some committees will disappear and more task forces will be struck to look into future challenges and issues for the organization. GeoAlliance Canada R. Orlandini reported that D. Yanofsky has been an active member on the Steering Committee of the Canadian Geomatics Community Round Table. R. Orlandini and D. Yanofsky attended the Ottawa workshop that formed GeoAlliance Canada. We are still waiting for more information before we commit to be a full member of the Alliance. When this information is gathered it will be shared with the membership to see if we want to join the organization. Activities The terms of reference are being revised for the mentoring program. Since the Historic Maps program is winding down, R. Orlandini asked members that if they have extra copies of any of the ACMLA-ACACC map series to please send her two copies so that we can ensure our own archival copies. She also stressed not to break up any of the portfolio collections of this series – just send her extra copies of the “one-offs” to her. Thank You’s R. Orlandini thanked C. Lundrigan for all of her work with the by-laws and terms of reference over the last couple of years. Her efforts, along with those of L. Trimble, helped make our transition be smooth for all of us. She then thanked D. Duda for his years of service on the executive since he is stepping down after this AGM. 7.0 First Vice President’s Report The full report is on the ACMLA-ACACC website. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 33 S. Hanratty thanked the Local Arrangements and Program committees for their work on the Ottawa conference. The members of the two planning committees were Sarah Simpkin, Rebecca Bartlett, Francine Berish, Carys Carrington, Pierre LeBlanc, Joël Rivard, Courtney Lundrigan, Sherri Sunstrum, and herself. Membership (full report on website) As of December 2014 we have 206 members with 96 of those being Institutional or Exchange. A more active recruitment of new members will be an on-going agenda item of the new executive. Bibliographic and Cataloguing Committee This committee is currently dormant. Copyright Committee This committee is dormant but a copyright task force was established this past year and the members will report to the membership about best practices and step-by-step guides in the near future. Awards (full report on website) Jeff Allen from the University of Toronto received the Student Paper Award for his paper entitled “Capitalist Cartography: Road Mapping in Interwar Canada.” The Cathy Moulder Paper Award went to Barbara Znamirowski from Trent for her paper “A New View from Space: Making Terrasar-X Data Accessible to the Canadian Research Community.” Certificate of Appreciation was given to the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for its Atlas of Canada (2014) published by Harper Collins. Mentoring There was one pairing this last year. Colleen Beard and R. Orlandini collaborated last year in an effort to generate some ideas for program renewal. C. Beard has agreed to continue on heading this program. 8.0 Second Vice President’s Report The full report is on the ACMLA-ACACC website. Publications D. Yanofsky thanked Eva Dodsworth for her role as editor of The Bulletin. She also thanked Larry Laliberté as the Publication’s Officer. L. Laliberté reported that two items were sold this year. Web D. Yanofsky thanked S. Hanratty, Jacqueline Kreller-Vanderkooy, and Wenonah Fraser van Heyst for their work with our website. There may be changes in the future for the site as the new Vice President for Communications and Outreach may have new ideas for the site. Historic Maps To add to R. Orlandini’s report about archiving two copies of each map in the collection, the Bird’s Eye Views have been united once again from the University of Alberta and McMaster University. Their current home is Memorial University where D. Duda hopes to sell the remaining inventory. General More discussion about The Bulletin will be dealt with during D. Yanofsky’s presentation about the future of The Bulletin later in the conference. A $250 honorarium was given to the web master and $1,500 in honoraria were given to editor of The Bulletin - $500/issue with three issues being published for the year. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 34 9.0 Treasurer’s Report The full report is on the ACMLA-ACACC website. Three documents were handed out to the membership: 1) ACMLA Financial Report – January 01, 2014 to December 31, 2014; 2) ACMLA Financial Report – January 01, 2015 to May 31, 2015; 3) ACMLA Budget 2015. The transition to a new Treasurer this past year went smoothly. The organization has switched from the Royal Bank to the Scotia Bank as of October 2014. The difficulties with Pay Pal and personal names was fixed in May 2015. ACMLA Financial Report January 01, 2014 to December 31, 2014 Last year’s AGM was a money maker – approximately $1,500. Our membership income was approximately $8,500. Income from map sales was approximately $3,700 which was mainly from one large sale to World of Maps in Ottawa. The GIC is shown as an income and expense because we had to pay $3,000 to cover our VISA use, but this is also an investment as well. Some of the AGM expenses from the 2013 conference was covered with the 2014 budget. The legal and translation fees were significant for the year as this was when the work was done with the by-laws, procedures and terms of reference. ACMLA Financial Report – January 01, 2015 to May 31, 2015. The main line for this report is the AGM and we won’t know the final numbers until after the conference. Budget 2015 It looks like the conference this year will break even – a gain/loss of $200? Membership numbers seem to be on par with past years. Legal and translation fees should be less than budgeted. Discussion – 2015 Budget A. Leahey asked if our organization ever financially helped other organizations, e.g. donate money for other conferences or organizations. The GeoAlliance is one possibility. D. Duda mentioned that in the past we have been asked to be a sponsor at other events. R. Orlandini then asked A. Leahey if she was wondering if we’d be willing to commit to something this AGM? A. Leahey replied that she recognizes that we’re running a deficit budget but was thinking about being a sponsor at IASSIST? D. Yanofsky thought that helping members go to regional conferences to represent ACMLA-ACACC might be one way of participating with other professional organizations. Motion to approve the 2015 Budget – moved by S. Hanratty and seconded by S. Simpkin – passed. 10. Past President’s Report The full report is on the ACMLA-ACACC website. D. Duda reported that the executive had set aside $5,000 to assist members to attend the AGM and conference. Seven members applied for assistance and all received full funding. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 35 D. Duda then reported on the Nominations Committee and its work in getting a slate of executive members for the coming year. He thanks Virginia Pow and David Jones from the University of Alberta for their work in this committee. 24 members plus the current executive were contacted to see if they would be interested in running for any of the executive positions. With the new structure of the organization, there are two new vice president offices – Vice President Professional Development and Vice President Communications and Outreach. After the initial contacts made with members, two agreed to vie for the President’s portfolio, no one put their name forward for Vice President/President Elect, one agreed to stand for Vice President Professional Development, one agreed to stand for Vice President Communications and Outreach, one agreed to stand for Secretary and one agreed to stand for Treasurer. After this slate was announced to the membership via the list-serv, one of the people running for President announced they would step down from the competition for President and put their name forward for Vice President/President Elect. This amendment was announced to the membership via the list-serv and a full slate has been achieved. The new executive will be announced later in the meeting. 11. New Business R. Orlandini announced that there was nothing new from the executive and asked the membership if there was anything they wanted to discuss. Future conferences and financial aid to other organizations were brought up. F Berish asked if there have been discussions of a “profit model” for the organization. R. Bartlett replied that yes, it has been discussed and now with map sales no longer bringing income to the organization, where do we get income? The only two alternatives now are membership and the conference. Do we look at increasing membership fees? Do we charge more for the conference? D. Yanofsky pointed out that it has been a long time since membership fees were increased. B. Znamirowski asked about the possibility of a SSHRC grant again with the transition to the new by-laws being complete. D. Yanofsky replied that with SSHRC changing their model for organizations getting funding, we have to work on selling ourselves in ways to fit different models. R. Orlandini added that other organizations are going through similar challenges. D. Duda reported about a project at Memorial University where SSHRC granted funds for a project and if ACMLA-ACACC could somehow market that angle, it might make it easier to get SSHRC funding. D. Jones asked about the idea of becoming a charitable organization and accept donations. S. Hanratty replied that there are pros and cons to that idea. There seems to be more cons. Then she asked a number of other questions to consider: - Do we raise fees – both membership and conference? - Do we go to a digital only bulletin? If so, do we then offer a print-on-demand to those who want a print copy? - Do we have the conference every two years? There was concern this year that this would be one of the lowest attended conferences to date. It has not turned out that way, but it was a concern. We need to keep this discussion going with the membership. C. Dietz explained how the Manitoba GIS Users Group worked with high schools in the province and mentored people in the region. How can ACMLA-ACACC possibly get involved with similar programs and possibly get fees for this work? V. Pow mentioned that it is important to have this discussion now versus waiting until our budget is low. R. Bartlett agree and reminded the membership that this is the second deficit budget i n a row. A. Leahey mentioned sponsorships. S. Hanratty reminded the membership of the challenge to keep expenses low and reasonable for the conference but do we raise the fees in future years? S. Biondo asked about selling advertisement in The Bulletin – the membership thought that was a good idea. C. Beard added that it has been done in the past. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 36 D. Jones suggested inserts in The Bulletin. C. Beard supported the idea of increased fees for membership and the conference. She also suggested a membership drive to increase membership numbers. She liked the idea of working at getting sponsors. D. Jones brought up the point that meeting with other organizations means greater numbers at the conference and this helps keep the fees lower. As for recruitment we could attract a larger audience by getting involved with more groups and seeking out programs in community and technical colleges that have similar interests. S. Hanratty replied that conference sharing is a positive experience but we also need members to attend. C. Beard supported the idea of joint conferences because it meant more people and better chances of getting sponsors. R. Bartlett reminded everyone that the University of Ottawa and Carleton libraries sponsored this event by not charging for rooms, as well as by paying for some of the breaks and other fees. As such, “In Kind” sponsorship should not be forgotten. Everyone agreed. T. Mrozewski pointed out that for smaller institutions like his (Laurentian), it is a challenge to hold such events. S. Biondo suggested that we take a survey of the membership to see who can do what for the conference. Everyone thought this was a good idea. S. Sunstrum brought up the idea of having the conference every two years and this might make it easier to organize/arrange with the extra time? D. Yanofsky liked the discussion and the ideas that were being presented…now we need to use the listserv as well to keep it going. S. Biondo asked if we moved the conference to May so that we have less overlap with other conferences the members might want to attend. D. Duda pointed out that the time of year is an important factor – in Newfoundland we always ask the membership to come to St. John’s in July simply because of the weather. d. Brendle-Moczuk felt that meeting every two years is not a good idea simply because of the speed of technological change – we need to meet every year to help keep up with these changes. C. Dietz supported the idea of having a survey. D. Jones also felt that a conference every two years would create a situation of too many topics/presentations in a restricted time frame. S. Simpkin asked that the travel policy also include registration fees to be considered for reimbursement. Not all members have access to funds from their respective institutions. 12.0 Nominations Report on Elections D. Duda announced the new executive to the membership. President – Siobhan Hanratty (University of New Brunswick) Vice President/President Elect – D. Yanofsky (McGill University) Past President – Rosa Orlandini (York University) Vice President Professional Development – Jason Brodeur (McMaster University) Vice President Communications and Outreach – Tracy Sallaway (Trent University) Secretary – Marilyn Andrews (University of Regina) Treasurer – Rebecca Bartlett (Carleton University) 13.0 Adjournment Meeting was adjourned at 12:45 p.m. Moved by T. Mrozewski. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 37 ACMLA Student Award Winner CAPITALIST CARTOGRAPHY: ROAD MAPPING IN INTERWAR CANADA Jeff Allen University of Toronto ACMLA Student Award Winner Presented at CARTO 2015 Introduction Road maps do not only show people how to get from A to B; they also include capitalist messages that have the power to influence and persuade. This was especially true in Canada during the interwar period (1919-1939), which was a time of soaring private automobile ownership and road construction, and with this, an increasing use of road maps. At their surface, road maps provided motorists with useful geographic and navigational information. At closer observation, businesses and governments used road maps as devices to advance capitalism. They did this in three ways: they used maps to advertise products and ventures, they incorporated information in maps to promote auto travel, and they used strategic cartographic design to persuade travel along certain routes and to certain destinations. These practices evolved over the interwar period, and by the early 1940s, they were ubiquitous in Canadian road mapping. Background The private automobile arrived in Canada near the turn of the 20th century, but it wasn’t until after World War I that auto ownership rapidly increased. Post World War I, the costs associated with manufacturing automobiles had decreased and the economy was on the rise. Private vehicles, once thought of as luxury items, became much more common. In 1913, there were less than 55,000 registered vehicles in Canada; in 1919 there were nearly 350,000 registered vehicles, and by 1930 there were over 1,200,000.1 The government heavily invested in road construction projects to accommodate the growing number of motorists. Old gravel and dirt roads were paved over with concrete and thousands of kilometres of new roads were built across Canada. The length of surfaced roads in Canada nearly doubled from 1922 to 1930.2 Both short and long distance travel by road became more common. In cities, people increasingly drove to commute between home and work. In the countryside, people increasingly drove for tourism, with wilderness parks becoming popular destinations. Various businesses also made use of newly surfaced roads to transport goods. Roads and private vehicles had become a driving force in the Canadian economy. As more people used private vehicles for travel, the more they needed to rely on themselves for navigation. Road maps became essential navigational tools for motorists. Road maps displayed the network of roads that connected populated places as well as the location of major geographical features (Figure 1). This allowed motorists to locate where they were, where they needed to go, and which route they should take. Roads were often depicted hierarchically; those roads with better surfaces for driving or with higher speed limits were often indicated with more prominent lines. Places were also often shown hierarchically with cities shown using a larger point and corresponding type size than small towns and villages. Road maps varied in coverage area and scale. Some maps showed all of Canada, while others mapped at a regional or provincial level. There were 1Larry McNally, “Roads, Streets, and Highways,” in Building Canada: a history of public works, ed. Norman R. Ball (Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 1988), 36-37. 2Ibid. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 38 also urban road maps that showed the network of streets in a city. Most road maps were printed onto large sheets, but were able to fold up into a much smaller size so they could easily be transported. Mapping has a long history in Canada. Early Canadian maps included those used during exploration, land surveying, and defining property boundaries.3 Specific industries like infrastructure and natural resources relied on maps for uses like construction plans and logistics.4 Most of these maps were designed for specific purposes and they were not widely used by the public. Maps became widely used after World War I when people took to private vehicles for travel and used maps for navigation. Road maps became ubiquitous products sold in general stores and gas stations across the country. With an increasing demand for maps, came a growing number of cartographers who designed and published them. Most of these cartographers worked for governments (federal, provincial, or local), private industries, or community groups. These cartographers did not design without motive or external influence. Maps are often thought of as neutral – that they accurately represent the geographical world without subjectivity. Many people look at road maps and think that what is shown on the map should accurately correspond to a feature in the real world, and vice versa, what they see in the real world should be depicted on their map. But a map is not the real world; it is an analogy of it.5 It is like the real world, a representation of it, not a replication. ACMLA Student Award Winner 3Hayes, Derek. Historical Atlas of Canada. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2001. 4Ibid. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 39 As representations, all maps make generalizations of the real world. Road maps use symbology, particularly in the form of lines and points to represent real world features at a reduced scale. There are a number of choices a cartographer has to make in map design. When designing a road map, a cartographer decides what roads will be depicted, how they are depicted (choices of colour, line type, and label styles), and which roads will be omitted entirely as well as what images and text will accompany a map. All maps have a certain rhetoric, which can be deconstructed to understand their meaning beyond their visible geographical representations.6 Road maps too are inherently political documents. During the interwar period in Canada, road maps were not only used for geographic and navigational information, but as devices to advance capitalism as well. There were three ways that road maps were used for capitalist motives: by being a vessel for visual advertisements for products and businesses, by incorporating information in the form text and images that encouraged auto travel, and subliminally through cartographic design to influence the choice of route and destination. Advertising Brands & Products The first way that road maps were used to advance capitalism was through advertising. As maps became indispensable products for motorists, they became an opportunity for businesses to promote themselves. Businesses began to superimpose advertisements onto maps so more people would be aware of their brands and buy their products. The production of road maps was time consuming and expensive and advertising was a way to keep the sale prices of road maps down. Advertising imagery on maps are explicit examples of how businesses used maps to advance their objectives. Oil companies benefitted from increased auto travel. The more people drove, the more fuel they would sell During the interwar period, oil companies were expanding their network of gas stations to sell fuel and other products to a growing number of motorists.7 Several oil companies were in direct competition with each other, and they started to use maps to promote their brand. Oil companies hired cartographers to produce road maps tailored to their needs. Their road maps depicted regular features like a hierarchical network of roads, populated places, and other geographical features. Thus, their maps were useful for navigation. However, they would also include brand logos and other visual advertisements on their maps for the gas stations they operated and the products they sold. Advertisements were often placed as insets or on the versos of maps as well as on empty spaces on the map itself like bodies of water. Standard map elements such as titles, legends, and north arrows often incorporated advertising imagery and brand identity as well (Figure 2). By including these types of advertising imagery on maps, oil companies were anticipating that, as motorists used their maps, the more likely they would buy their products. Several community groups in Canada also produced road maps during the interwar years. Motoring clubs, composed of local motoring enthusiasts, often hired cartographers to make maps. Local business groups, like boards of trade, also produced road maps that encouraged auto travel and tourism. Maps produced by these community groups were usually at a local or regional scale, at the level where they were based. These maps included the main features found on most road maps, such as road networks, populated places, landmarks, and other geographical features. These road maps often included advertisements as well (Figure 3). Most advertisements were for local businesses and locally available products. Businesses would often pay for advertising space on these maps and these advertisements would offset some of the costs of map production and publication. By including advertisements on their maps, local businesses promoted themselves to motorists in aims to sell more products. ACMLA Student Award Winner 5Roger Downs, “Maps and Metaphors.” The Professional Geographer 33. no. 3 (August 1981): 289. 6J.B. Harely, “Deconstructing the Map,” Cartographica 26, no. 2 (1989): 3-4. 7The Canadian Encyclopaedia, “Gasoline Stations” accessed April 5, 2015 http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/ article/gasoline-stations/ ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 40 ACMLA Student Award Winner Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 41 ACMLA Student Award Winner Promoting Auto Travel The second way that road maps advanced capitalism was by including text and imagery on maps to further promote auto travel. Several industries benefited directly from increasing auto travel during the interwar period including oil companies, auto manufacturers, and tourism. The more people drove, the more money these industries would make. So road maps often included promotional imagery or tourist information to further encourage auto travel. The iconography of these promotional images incorporated romanticized depictions of the open road, the great outdoors, and freedom of mobility that auto travel could provide. The publishers of these maps hoped these images would persuade people to become motoring tourists.8 Some road maps also included tourist information in the form of promotional text that encouraged people to visit specific places, many of which were only accessible by car. Private industries, as well as government bodies that benefitted from increased auto travel, often included this information on their road maps. Oil companies were heavily invested in increasing auto travel. The more that people drove, the more fuel they would sell. Not only did they produce road maps that encompassed images that promoted their brand and products, they also included images that idealized auto travel. These images were often included on the front cover of fold out road maps. Some images showed romanticized depictions of roads traversing scenic landscapes, while others depicted cheerful motorists. These were strategies to create a motoring culture that would encourage more people to drive for leisure. Other images emphasized a freedom of mobility and endless destinations that auto travel could provide. For example, in 1933, the oil company Shell published maps with a cover image of a motorist in front of a collage of license plates from all over North America (Figure 4). 8James Akerman, “American Promotional Road Mapping in the Twentieth Century.” Cartography and Geographic Information Science 29. no. 2 (July 2002): 175. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 42 In some cases, promotional imagery fused brand and product advertisements with images that encouraged auto travel. Several images on map covers showed motorists being assisted by gas station attendants. By including these romanticized images on their road maps, oil companies were attempting to persuade motorists to drive more often, and thus purchase more of their products. Even the Canadian government promoted auto travel with their road maps. Several government bodies, at both the federal and provincial levels, produced yearly road maps. Although these maps were void of overt advertising found on maps produced by private industries like oil companies, government issued road maps were not objective; their motives were just not as apparent. Government bodies were spending millions of dollars in expanding the road network and were also expanding their network of public wilderness parks. Road maps were a vehicle to promote these ventures. Government issued road maps included scenic images of modern highways winding through picturesque landscapes or iconic images of natural phenomena (Figure 5). Government issued maps often included text as insets or on the verso of maps describing popular landmarks or nature that drivers might encounter during their trips further encouraging travel to certain places. By including these images and texts on road maps, the Canadian government was attempting to sway the public to travel on their roads and visit their public parks. Also, the more people drove, the more money the government would make in fuel tax. ACMLA Student Award Winner Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 43 Strategic Cartographic Design The third way that road maps were able to advance capitalism was subliminally through cartographic design. The signs and symbology on maps are often designed to be instruments of persuasion.9 Through processes of cartographic generalization - how information is selected and represented on a map - cartographers are able to influence route selection and choice of destination. For example, if a road map shows two different routes connecting two cities, most drivers will take the route that is depicted with a more prominent line on the map (Figure 6). In some circumstances, businesses or governments would benefit if motorists drove along specific routes or visited specific places rather than others. Strategic cartographic generalization was a method of persuading motorists to do so. ACMLA Student Award Winner Auto insurance companies delved into road mapping during the 1930s. Similar to oil companies, they hired cartographers to produce road maps, which they then provided to their clients or sold to promote their brand. Their maps included the main features found on most road maps as well as company logos and contact information. Insurance companies attempted to influence motorists using their maps. The fewer motorists got into accidents, the fewer insurance claims, and the higher their revenues would be. Their maps showed significant detail of road surface type, depicted hierarchically. The more prominent roads on their maps were usually roads that were safer and less likely for cars to get stuck or break down. By persuading motorists to drive on certain roads, the insurance companies were anticipating fewer claims. 9Dennis Wood & Fels, John. “Designs on signs / myth and meaning in maps.” Cartographica 23, no. 3 (September 1986): 54. ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 44 ACMLA Student Award Winner Government issued road maps also attempted to persuade motorists through cartographic design. The government produced road maps partly to promote publically operated tourist sites, like wilderness parks and campgrounds. These parks often relied on entry fees to help fund operating costs. Government issued road maps highlighted the location of these parks, while those parks and campgrounds that were privately operated were less likely to be depicted on their maps. Also, provincial governments were developing new networks of provincial highways. They used cartographic design to promote these newly paved roads. Their maps depicted roads hierarchically; their newly paved roads were drawn with thicker lines than older roads. By doing this, the government was influencing motorists to drive on their newly paved roads. By persuading people to drive on their roads and visit their parks, they were promoting their efforts to their tax base. Conclusion Governments and private industries used road maps as vehicles of power, influence, and persuasion to advance capitalism during the interwar period. This was done in three ways: by including explicit advertisements on maps, by incorporating information that encouraged auto travel, and subliminally through strategic cartographic design. These methods were successful as they continued to be used after World War II. Even the term “road map” entered the modern lexicon as an analogy for planning and forethought. Auto travel increased throughout the 20th century; use of road maps became even more prevalent; and cartography continued upon the capitalist traditions established during the interwar period. Bibliography: Primary Sources: Canadian Travel Bureau. Map indicating main automobile roads between United States and Canada. Map. Ministry of Transport. 1939. Accessed from Map and Data Library, University of Toronto. Carruthers, H. K. Official road map of eastern Ontario and part of Quebec, New York and Vermont. Map. Perth Board of Trade. 1927. Accessed from Library and Archives Canada Online. Copp Clark Limited. Provinces of British Columbia and Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Map. British American Oil Company. 193-. Accessed from Map and Data Library, University of Toronto. H. M. Gousha Company. Shell Metropolitan Map, Official Road Map of Ontario. Map. 1933. Accessed from Map and Data Library, University of Toronto. H. M. Gousha Company. Shell Metropolitan Map, Ottawa and Quebec. Map. 1933. Accessed from Map and Data Library, University of Toronto. Imperial Oil Limited. Imperial Oil Map of Eastern Canada. Map. 1934. Accessed from Map and Data Library, University of Toronto. Saskatchewan Motor Club, Northern Division. City of Saskatoon. Map. 193?. Accessed from Map and Data Library, University of Toronto. Tyrrel, J. W. Road Map of the Province of Ontario. Map. Touring Department of the Ontario Motor League. 1920. Accessed from Library and Archives Canada Online. Wilson, Norman. Map of part of the province of Ontario. Map. Department of Public Highways. 1922. Accessed from Library and Archives Canada. Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 45 Secondary Sources: Akerman, James. “American Promotional Road Mapping in the Twentieth Century.” Cartography and Geographic Information Science 29. no. 2 (July 2002): 175-191. Akerman, James. “Twentieth-Century American Road Maps and the Making of a National Motorized Space,” in Cartographies of Travel and Navigation, edited by James Akerman, 151-206. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Crampton, Jeremy. Mapping, a critical introduction into Cartography and GIS. West Sussex, UK: Wiley- Blackwell, 2010. Downs, Roger. “Maps and Metaphors.” The Professional Geographer 33. no. 3 (August 1981): 287-293. Harley, J.B. “Deconstructing the Map,” Cartographica 26, no. 2 (1989): 1-20. Harley, J. B. “Maps, Knowledge, and Power,” in The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments, edited by D. Cosgrove and S. Daniels, 277-312. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Hayes, Derek. Historical Atlas of Canada. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2001. McNally, Larry. “Roads, Streets, and Highways,” in Building Canada: a history of public works, edited by Norman R. Ball, 30-58. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press, 1988. The Canadian Encyclopaedia, s.v. “Gasoline Stations” accessed April 5, 2015 http://www. thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gasoline-stations/ Wood, Denis & Fels, John. “Designs on signs / myth and meaning in maps.” Cartographica 23, no. 3 (MONTH 1986): 54-103. Wood, Denis. The Power of Maps, 1-47. New York, NY: The Guilford Press, 1992. Jeff Allen studies human geography, GIS, and spatial analysis at the University of Toronto. His current study interests include researching the history of road maps in Canada, combining web-cartography with open data, and exploring Toronto’s urban geographies with GIS. He is currently working as a research assistant building a municipal election GIS for Toronto. Contact him at jeff.allen@mail.utoronto.ca or view a few of his mapping projects at http://jamaps.github.io/. ACMLA Student Award Winner ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 46 REVIEWS Compiled by Sarah Simpkin Atlas of Cities Reviewed by Jordan Hale Knox, Paul, ed. Atlas of Cities. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2014. 256p. $49.50 USD. ISBN 978-0-691-15781-8. The Atlas of Cities is a visually impressive overview of urbanization and urbanism around the world, featuring striking maps executed in a consistent and attractive style. Each double-page spread is devoted to a concise explanation of a trait or pattern associated with city life, with illustrations and photographs accompanying graphics illustrating space, time, and flow. The atlas is organized according to a taxonomy of cities developed by the authors, with each major theme represented by “core cities” and “secondary cities” (the core and secondary designations are merely meant to represent primary and supplementary case studies, and are not meant to contrast relative importance). Over the course of the atlas, we learn about networked cities, imperial cities, rational cities, celebrity cities, green cities, creative cities, and more - on the topic of creative cities, Richard Florida supplied the foreword, and notable geographers Andrew Herod, Peter Taylor, editor Paul Knox and others contribute chapter content. The cartographic team skillfully demonstrates how each city fits within its classification through minimalist maps that impart just the necessary information with no excess detail. Map scales range from examinations of historic centres and business districts to overviews of cities within their regional and global contexts, and many different styles of map design (including some three-dimensional works) are meaningfully employed to provide both variety and inspiration, with data sources properly cited. The design of the non-spatial infographics that appear in the text riff off of the book’s themes without being cheesy, and it is artfully photo edited. The elegance of this atlas and its maps cannot be overstated. My criticisms of the work relate to its overwhelming focus on cities in highly developed countries – my use of “around the world” instead of “global” in the first sentence of this review is intentional, as it is far from globally representative. There is an evident bias toward Europe and North America from the atlas’ historical overviews to the present, with a select few Asian cities seen as successful through the lens of capitalism. When we read about cities outside these continents, it is frequently framed in terms of the problems associated with conflict and poverty. While I can see the editor’s desire to use well-known archetypes in building up this typology of cities, I feel that there is a missed opportunity in not showing what is happening in locations not typically known to an Anglo- American audience. Instead of telling us what life is like in cities that have the budget to market themselves as on the cutting edge of sustainability, entertainment, and innovation, why not highlight lesser-known citizen-led hubs of creativity in developing nations, or feature the widespread penetration of mobile technologies in various African cities as an example of “intelligent” urbanism? While the Atlas of Cities is quite successful in visualizing well-known patterns, I feel it would be much stronger if it illustrated just how widespread these phenomena are. Jordan Hale, Original Cataloguer & Reference Specialist Map & Data Library, University of Toronto Toronto, ON Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 47 Great Maps Reviewed by Andrew Nicholson Brotton, Jerry. Great Maps. New York, New York: DK Publishing, 2014. 263p. $26.00 CDN. ISBN 978-1-4654-2463-1. The DK Publishing house are well known for producing general reference books and beautiful coffee table-like publications on a wide range of topics. For one of their latest books, Great Maps, DK has partnered with the Smithsonian Institution to produce a beautifully illustrated reference source highlighting over 60 items of cartographic material, from human beginnings to the present day. In the preface, Jerry Brotton, the author of Great Maps, reminds the reader that maps have far greater meaning then just as navigational tools. Over history, people have created and used maps to help “centre” themselves in a global, and even universal, context. Brotton goes on to say that maps “are as much about existence as they are about orientation.” In selecting the maps for his book, the author takes the consensus view of what a map actually is: “a graphic representation that presents a spatial understanding of things, concepts, or events in the human world”. He reminds us that maps are always subjective and are designed to meet the specific needs of their audience. Brotton’s approach is clearly seen in his map selection for the book. As anyone familiar with cartographic history would expect, Brotton has included some famous examples of maps, which altered how people perceived the world. These include Waldseemuller’s “America” map from 1507, and John Snow’s cholera maps from 1854. More interestingly however, the author has also included some more obscure pieces of cartographic history, including Fuller’s Dymaxion map from 1943, and the digital Cartogram from 2008. What’s also noteworthy about the map selections in Great Maps is the inclusion of many non-western works such as Dunhuang’s Star Chart from ancient China, the Aztec Map of Tenochtitlan, and the rice paper map of the Japanese coastline from Hokkaido to Kyushu drawn in 1821. These are just a few examples of the map gems found in Great Maps. Along with including both the familiar and more obscure map treasures, Brotton and DK Publishing have done wonderful job in both the layout and presentation of these map wonders. Taking a chronological approach, Great Maps is laid out over five chapters. These include “Classical Maps 1500 BCE-1300CE”; “Discovery and Travel 1300-1570”; “New Directions and Beliefs 1570-1750”; “Thematic Maps 1750- 1900”; and “Modern Mapping 1900 to Present”. Each chapter has 12-15 examples of individual maps, which Brotton believes were both beautiful and groundbreaking at that time of their creation. Unlike other atlases or histories of cartography, which typically focus on technical progress and improvements in scientific accuracy, Great Maps focuses more on the human expression of ideas and visions using maps, regardless of accuracy or format. Another difference between Great Maps and other similar map-illustrated coffee table books is the treatment and layout of the individual map examples. Rather than just presenting the map with some background text, the author devotes much attention to the detail of each map example, and the person or persons who were behind the map creation. Each map example is given several pages and includes a “visual tour”, in which sections and specific details of the map are focused upon and discussed. A general description of the map, its size, and format are also given; as well as its physical location. Sidebars are also featured ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 48 for each map example, which discuss the map creator and the context of the times the map example was created in. Sidebars describing the mapmaking technique are also included. Although Great Maps is a simple title, it does not begin to do justice to this fine cartographic history reference work. With its well-researched selections and beautiful illustrations, Great Maps provides a very accessible entranceway into the world of maps and cartographic history for newcomers, but will also provide new gems and insights for those already familiar with maps and map making. Andrew Nicholson GIS/Data Librarian University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga, Ontario Maps and memes: redrawing culture, place, and identity in indigenous communities Reviewed by Francine Berish Eades, Gwilym Lucas. Maps and memes: redrawing culture, place, and identity in indigenous communities. Canada: McGill- Queen’s University Press, 2015. 264p. $34.95. ISBN 978-07735-4449-9. With the current popularity and proliferation of internet memes, you might think a work titled Maps and Memes was targeted to the popular press, but do not let the title fool you. This book is intended for a high-level academic audience. Eades dedicates a significant portion of the book to describing his methodology for “place-memes”, a term based in memetic theory to describe a cultural unit of information about place passed on over time and across space. This work delivers a unique synthesis of related theory, primary research and storytelling to form a distinctive discourse for the discussion of place, culture and identity in indigenous communities. Eades accomplishes a difficult task in tying together decades of memetic literature and spatial theory with primary research collected working among different indigenous communities in Canada. The inclusion of cartography strengthens Eades arguments, helping the reader understand how the creation of maps according to Western standards can impose external cultural norms that influence changes to landscapes over time. The incorporation of indigenous artwork and maps demonstrates how mapping and GIS practices are challenged by the complex interactions between place and culture. Using his participation in the Wemindji Cree Community’s long walk kaachewaapechuu as an example, Eades demonstrates the processes in which commemorative journeys influence cultural relationships with place. These relationships in turn shape intergenerational knowledge, landscape, toponymy and language. Eades concludes with some insights on how to promote indigenous viewpoints through mapping and GIS education. With a likeness to a master’s thesis, this work is well suited to research library collections. Francine Berish Geospatial Data Librarian Queen’s University Kingston, ON Bulletin de l’ACACC Numéro 150, Printemps/Été 2015 49 From the Reviews Editor: Thanks to those who submitted book reviews and to all who have expressed interest in reviewing! I’ll continue to request review copies from publishers - but please let me know if you have read a book of interest to the ACMLA and would like to submit a review, and if you have any suggestions for titles/sources. Here are the review guidelines: ACMLA Bulletin Book Review Guidelines Review Format 1. Bibliographic Citation This should include: author, title, edition, place of publication, publisher, date, number of pages, price (if known) and ISBN. Example: Bussey, Ben and Spudis, Paul D. The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 316p. $80.00 US. ISBN 0-521-81528-2. 2. Content The review should describe and critically evaluate the work. Typical review elements include: scope, purpose and content of the work; intended audience; writing style; background and authority of the author; how the work compares with other titles on the same subject; its usefulness as a research tool; any unique features; and its suitability for library collections. The length of the review is at the reviewer’s discretion, but should normally reflect the importance of the work. A typical review is about 500 words. 3. Your name, title, institutional affiliation, city and province/state Editorial Policy Opinions expressed in reviews are those of the reviewer, not of the ACMLA. The Reviews Editor may make minor edits, without communicating with the reviewer. Should the Editor determine that a major revision is required, she will contact the reviewer for discussion. Sarah Simpkin Reviews Editor ACMLA Bulletin Number 150, Spring/Summer 2015 50 GEOSPATIAL DATA SOFTWARE REVIEWS Compiled by Andrew Nicholson Region of Peel Open Data http://opendata.peelregion.ca/ Reviewed by Andrew Nicholson As the editor of the Geospatial Data Reviews for the ACMLA Bulletin, I am choosing for this issue to return to the topic of Open Data sets. In past issues of the Bulletin, ACMLA members have submitted open data reviews for such cities as Vancouver, Toronto, Ottawa, and Mississauga. For this edition, we are going to be looking at a larger political entity: the Region of Peel. Why Peel? With a population of almost 1,300,000 in the 2011 Census, the Region of Peel is in fact the second largest municipal entity in Ontario after Toronto, and comprises the cities of Brampton, and Mississauga, as well as the Township of Caledon. From a geographical and broader research perspective, the Region of Peel provides a rich canvas for many potential research projects involving data. The Region of Peel includes perhaps the most diverse and rapidly growing population in Canada, with many new immigrants arriving every year. Peel has also experienced dramatic and controversial land use changes in the last two decades as a growing population and urbanizing pressures of neighbouring Toronto has placed the region’s shrinking rural and agricultural spaces under increasing threat. Lastly, the Region of Peel is also home to the largest airport in Canada and key transportation hub for Ontario and the rest of Canada making its connections and future needs an interesting source of study Description and Metadata The Peel Open Data is a web resource made available to the public by the Peel Data Centre which itself is managed by the Service Innovation, Information and Technology Department of the Peel Regional Municipality. Unlike some other municipalities in Canada which only offers open data from one or a few agencies of a city, the Peel Data Centre works to manage and provide access to data from all divisions of the Peel municipal government. This is reflected in the broad range of data you will find available from the website. You can browse the datasets under the following categories: “Demographics”, “Economic Activity”, “Environment and Resources”, “Facilities and Structures:, “Forecasts and Performance Indicators”, “Regional Geography”, and “Transportation”. Also included is a “Food Check” section, which includes data from food inspections at restaurants across Peel. There is also an “A to Z” link allowing a user to browse all the available open datasets provided by Peel Region. Through listening to its users and perhaps learning from the mistakes made in other cities embarking on open data initiatives, Peel Open Data is very comprehensive in serving up metadata for each of its open data sets. All the salient information is provided when one clicks on the data link, including the names of the Data Steward and Data Custodian, last updated year of the data, coordinate system of the data, and contact email address. Currency and Formats As with many other Canadian municipalities, the Region of Peel provides their open data in a number of different formats depending on the type of data and the applicable licences. Excel files are by far the most heavily offered format which is no surprise given that the majority of their data is based on numeric sources such as the Census and National Household Survey files. Google Earth KMZ and Esri Shapefiles are also comm |
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